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Uni Biology > Digestion, Urinary System And Transport > Flashcards

Digestion, Urinary System And Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What response is defecation in infants

A

Involuntary in response to rectal distension which promotes the relation of external sphincter

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2
Q

When is voluntary control usually achieved

A

Between 18 months and 3 years

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3
Q

What does not pass through the semi-Permeable membrane into filtrate

A

Platelets

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4
Q

What plays a vital role in the regulation of blood pressure

A

The kidneys

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5
Q

Is the Urinary system fully developed and functioning at birth

A

No

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6
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase of digestion

A

Gastric juices are secreted and the stomach contacts

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7
Q

What is the purpose of villi

A

To secrete bile

Found in the small intestine

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8
Q

Like adults, in infants, the stimulation to void the bladder is through the stretch exerted on the bladder wall, what approx volume of urine stimulates this need to void in an infant

A

15 mls

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9
Q

What is metabolised in the liver

A

Opiods

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10
Q

How large is a new borns stomach at day 1, 1 week, day 3, 1 month

A

Day 1 - size of a cherry
Day 3 - size of a walnut
1 week - size of an apricot
1 month - size of a large egg

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11
Q

What is the correct order of the flow of filter are through the structure of the nephron

A 
Bowmans capsule 
Proximal tubule
Loop of henle
Distal tubule
Collecting ducts
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12
Q

What is GFR

A

glomerular filtrate rate

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13
Q

What has both exocrine and endocrine functions

A

The pancreas

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14
Q

Approx how many nephrons are in the human kidney

A

1000000

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15
Q

What’s the main function of the digestive system

A

To break down complex food molecules into soluble and readily available nutrients

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16
Q

What digestion process does the digestive system

A

Physical and chemical digestion

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17
Q

What are the 3 phases that control gastric function

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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18
Q

What is the gastric function

A

Act to control gastric secretions

Related to quantity and composition of food in the stomach and duodenum

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19
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase

A

Conditioned reflex to the sight and smell of food
Parasympathetic nervous stimulation
Increased gastric juice secretion and stomach contraction

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20
Q

What happens in the gastric phase

A

Stimulated by food in the stomach
Release of hormone gastrin
Increases gastric juice secretion
Increases gastric moment

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21
Q

What happened in the intestinal phase

A

Initiated as food enters duodenum
hormone secretion
Slows gastric mobility and inhibits gastric juice secretion
Acts to delay emptying of stomach, allows through digestion of both stomach and duodenum
Protective functions

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22
Q

How is nutrition and elimination of waste carried out in utero

A

By the placenta

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23
Q

What is sterile in utero

A

The gut

Colonisation with bacteria begins immediately after birth and proceeds rapidly throughout the first days of life

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24
Q

What is colostrum in breast feeding

A

High density, nutrient rich, low volume feed
Purgative effect of gastrointestinal system
Helps clear meconium from the baby’s gut

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25
What are the key properties in breast milk
``` High in protein Immunoglobulin A Growth factors Oligosaccharides Enzymes ```
26
Why does breast milk colonise the intestine with bacteria
The protect against pathogens such as e.coli
27
What happens to food it the mouth
Broken down by the teeth | Triggers a nervous reflex that causes salivary glands to deliver a water fluid called saliva
28
What does saliva do to food
Moistens and lubricates the food with the aid of a slipper substance called mucin, making swallowing easier
29
What happens when amylase is released
Allows the saliva to start the chemical digestion of starches to begin before it hits the stomach
30
What do the swallowing reflexes do
Allow the food to be moved from the mouth into the oesophagus and the stomach
31
What happens when the food is in the stomach
Physical and chemical digestion | Continual churning movement of the muscular walls of the stomach which mixed the food with gastric juice
32
What does pylori sphincter do
Controls the entry of chyme into the first part of the small intestine called the duodenum
33
What is diffusion
Moving from a high concentration to a low concentration Doesn’t require energy Passive process
34
What is filtration
Passive process Doesn’t require energy Force of pressure of small molecules out into the space around that blood vessel
35
What’s facilitated diffusion
Substances may not be able to pass the cell membrane (insulin) allows that molecule through the membrane Doesn’t require energy Passive process
36
What is active transport
Use a molecule that generates energy that allows things to move in the opposite direction
37
What is osmosis
Has a selective permeable membrane that allows some molecules through that are smaller (water) but both bigger (protein) molecules
38
What does the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure do
Hydrostatic pressure - Pushes out Osmotic pressure - Pulling in To maintain fluid balance
39
What is phagocytosis
Known as cell eating How molecules get inside cells through vesicles Requires energy
40
What organs make up the renal system
``` Bladder Ureter Urethra Aorta Inferior vena cava Adrenal gland Adrenal vein Kidney Renal vein Renal artery ```
41
What are the functions of the urinary system
``` Filtration Create urine Reabsorption Secretion Homeostasis ```
42
What does the kidney filter
Blood
43
What helps remove acid from blood
Kidneys
44
What are the 3 processes of forming urine
Filtration Selective/tubular reabsorption Tubular Secretion
45
What’s the function of the renal artery in the kidney
Transports oxygenated blood from the heart and aorta to the kidney for filtration
46
What’s the function of the renal vein in the kidney
Transports filtered and deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the posterior vena cava and then the heart
47
What’s the function of the renal column in the kidney
A passageway located between the renal pyramids found in the medulla and used as a space for blood vessel
48
What is the function of the nephron in the kidney
The physiological unit of the kidney used for filtration of blood and reabsorption and secretion of materials
49
What’s the function of the capsule in the kidney
The outer membrane that encloses, supports and protects the kidney
50
What’s the function of the cortex in the kidney
The outer layer of the kidney that contains most of the nephron; main site of filtration, reabsorption and secretion
51
What’s the function of the medulla in the kidney
Inner core of the kidney, bottom of nephron goes into this area Salt, water and urea is reabsorbed
52
What’s the function of the renal pyramid in the kidney
Helping to concentrate salts and reserve water -plays a role is reabsorption process
53
What’s the function of the renal papilla in the kidney
Urine gets taken from the nephron and into the you’re ureter Also in conjunction with the calyx
54
What’s the function of the calyx in the kidney
A collecting sac that transports urine from the papilla to the renal pelvis
55
What’s the function of the renal pelvis in the kidney
Collects using from all of the calyces and ends up in the ureter
56
What’s the function of the ureter in the kidney
Transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder
57
What’s does the afferent arteriole do
Transports arterial blood to the glomerulus for filtration
58
What does the efferent arteriole do
Transports filtered blood from the glomerulus back to the blood stream
59
What is the glomerulus
The site for blood filtration
60
What is the proximal convoluted tubule
Aims to reabsorb useful substances (glucose)
61
What’s the ascending loop of henle
Where water is reabsorbed
62
What is the distal convoluted tubule
The end of the nephron | The part it’s going to before it’s collected in the collecting duct
63
How is glomerular filtration assisted
By the difference between the blood pressure in the glomerulus and the pressure in the capsule
64
What does the hydrostatic pressure do in the glomerulus
Pushes water out
65
What does osmotic pressure do in the glomerulus
Pull and filter blood back in
66
What do the Kidneys do
Increase blood pressure | Play a role in water balance by controlling sodium and reabsorption of salt through the kidneys
67
What is the difference in adults and children in the urinary system
The glomeruli are smaller in adults The filtration surface related to body weight is similar The tubules aren’t fully grown at birth and may not pass in the medulla
68
What happens to the urinary system with ageing
Decline in urinary function The bladder shrinks with ageing Urinary retention is common in males
69
What are the key roles of the digestive system
``` Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Mouth Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus ```
70
What’s the role of the salivary glands
Secrete saliva to moisten food particles, helps bind them and begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates Saliva dissolves food so they can be tasted and cleanses mouth and teeth
71
What’s the role of the liver
Carbohydrate metabolism - Maintains concentration of blood glucose Lipid metabolism- oxidising fatty acids, synthesising lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol
72
What is the role of the gall bladder
Stored bile between meals, reabsorbs water to concentrate bile and contacts to release bile in the small intestine
73
What’s the role of the pancreas
Secretion of pancreatic juice | Breaks triglyceride molecule into fatty acids and glycerol
74
What’s the role of the mouth
Mechanically breaks up solid particles into smaller pieces mixing them with saliva
75
What’s the role of the pharynx
A cavity posterior to the mouth from which the tubular oesophagus leads to the stomach Important passageways and muscular walls function swallowing
76
What’s the role of the oesophagus
Food passageway from the pharynx to the stomach | Goes to the stomach on the abdominal side of the diaphragm
77
What’s the role of the stomach
Receives food from the oesophagus, mixes food with gastric juice, initiates protein digestion, carries on limited absorption and moves food into the small intestine
78
What’s the role of the small intestine
Receives chyme from the stomach and secretions from the pancreas and liver Completes digestion in the nutrients of chyme, absorbs products of digestion and transports the residues to the large intestine
79
What’s the role of the large intestine
Absorbs water and electrolytes from chyme remaining in the elementary canal Forms and stored faeces

Uni Biology (8 decks)

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