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Uni Biology > Digestion, Urinary System And Transport > Flashcards

Digestion, Urinary System And Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What response is defecation in infants

A

Involuntary in response to rectal distension which promotes the relation of external sphincter

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2
Q

When is voluntary control usually achieved

A

Between 18 months and 3 years

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3
Q

What does not pass through the semi-Permeable membrane into filtrate

A

Platelets

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4
Q

What plays a vital role in the regulation of blood pressure

A

The kidneys

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5
Q

Is the Urinary system fully developed and functioning at birth

A

No

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6
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase of digestion

A

Gastric juices are secreted and the stomach contacts

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7
Q

What is the purpose of villi

A

To secrete bile

Found in the small intestine

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8
Q

Like adults, in infants, the stimulation to void the bladder is through the stretch exerted on the bladder wall, what approx volume of urine stimulates this need to void in an infant

A

15 mls

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9
Q

What is metabolised in the liver

A

Opiods

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10
Q

How large is a new borns stomach at day 1, 1 week, day 3, 1 month

A

Day 1 - size of a cherry
Day 3 - size of a walnut
1 week - size of an apricot
1 month - size of a large egg

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11
Q

What is the correct order of the flow of filter are through the structure of the nephron

A 
Bowmans capsule 
Proximal tubule
Loop of henle
Distal tubule
Collecting ducts
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12
Q

What is GFR

A

glomerular filtrate rate

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13
Q

What has both exocrine and endocrine functions

A

The pancreas

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14
Q

Approx how many nephrons are in the human kidney

A

1000000

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15
Q

What’s the main function of the digestive system

A

To break down complex food molecules into soluble and readily available nutrients

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16
Q

What digestion process does the digestive system

A

Physical and chemical digestion

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17
Q

What are the 3 phases that control gastric function

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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18
Q

What is the gastric function

A

Act to control gastric secretions

Related to quantity and composition of food in the stomach and duodenum

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19
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase

A

Conditioned reflex to the sight and smell of food
Parasympathetic nervous stimulation
Increased gastric juice secretion and stomach contraction

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20
Q

What happens in the gastric phase

A

Stimulated by food in the stomach
Release of hormone gastrin
Increases gastric juice secretion
Increases gastric moment

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21
Q

What happened in the intestinal phase

A

Initiated as food enters duodenum
hormone secretion
Slows gastric mobility and inhibits gastric juice secretion
Acts to delay emptying of stomach, allows through digestion of both stomach and duodenum
Protective functions

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22
Q

How is nutrition and elimination of waste carried out in utero

A

By the placenta

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23
Q

What is sterile in utero

A

The gut

Colonisation with bacteria begins immediately after birth and proceeds rapidly throughout the first days of life

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24
Q

What is colostrum in breast feeding

A

High density, nutrient rich, low volume feed
Purgative effect of gastrointestinal system
Helps clear meconium from the baby’s gut

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25
Q

What are the key properties in breast milk

A 
High in protein 
Immunoglobulin A
Growth factors
Oligosaccharides 
Enzymes
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26
Q

Why does breast milk colonise the intestine with bacteria

A

The protect against pathogens such as e.coli

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27
Q

What happens to food it the mouth

A

Broken down by the teeth

Triggers a nervous reflex that causes salivary glands to deliver a water fluid called saliva

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28
Q

What does saliva do to food

A

Moistens and lubricates the food with the aid of a slipper substance called mucin, making swallowing easier

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29
Q

What happens when amylase is released

A

Allows the saliva to start the chemical digestion of starches to begin before it hits the stomach

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30
Q

What do the swallowing reflexes do

A

Allow the food to be moved from the mouth into the oesophagus and the stomach

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31
Q

What happens when the food is in the stomach

A

Physical and chemical digestion

Continual churning movement of the muscular walls of the stomach which mixed the food with gastric juice

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32
Q

What does pylori sphincter do

A

Controls the entry of chyme into the first part of the small intestine called the duodenum

33
Q

What is diffusion

A

Moving from a high concentration to a low concentration
Doesn’t require energy
Passive process

34
Q

What is filtration

A

Passive process
Doesn’t require energy
Force of pressure of small molecules out into the space around that blood vessel

35
Q

What’s facilitated diffusion

A

Substances may not be able to pass the cell membrane (insulin)
allows that molecule through the membrane
Doesn’t require energy
Passive process

36
Q

What is active transport

A

Use a molecule that generates energy that allows things to move in the opposite direction

37
Q

What is osmosis

A

Has a selective permeable membrane that allows some molecules through that are smaller (water) but both bigger (protein) molecules

38
Q

What does the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure do

A

Hydrostatic pressure - Pushes out
Osmotic pressure - Pulling in
To maintain fluid balance

39
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Known as cell eating
How molecules get inside cells through vesicles
Requires energy

40
Q

What organs make up the renal system

A 
Bladder 
Ureter 
Urethra 
Aorta 
Inferior vena cava
Adrenal gland 
Adrenal vein
Kidney 
Renal vein
Renal artery
41
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system

A 
Filtration
Create urine
Reabsorption 
Secretion
Homeostasis
42
Q

What does the kidney filter

A

Blood

43
Q

What helps remove acid from blood

A

Kidneys

44
Q

What are the 3 processes of forming urine

A

Filtration
Selective/tubular reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

45
Q

What’s the function of the renal artery in the kidney

A

Transports oxygenated blood from the heart and aorta to the kidney for filtration

46
Q

What’s the function of the renal vein in the kidney

A

Transports filtered and deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the posterior vena cava and then the heart

47
Q

What’s the function of the renal column in the kidney

A

A passageway located between the renal pyramids found in the medulla and used as a space for blood vessel

48
Q

What is the function of the nephron in the kidney

A

The physiological unit of the kidney used for filtration of blood and reabsorption and secretion of materials

49
Q

What’s the function of the capsule in the kidney

A

The outer membrane that encloses, supports and protects the kidney

50
Q

What’s the function of the cortex in the kidney

A

The outer layer of the kidney that contains most of the nephron; main site of filtration, reabsorption and secretion

51
Q

What’s the function of the medulla in the kidney

A

Inner core of the kidney, bottom of nephron goes into this area
Salt, water and urea is reabsorbed

52
Q

What’s the function of the renal pyramid in the kidney

A

Helping to concentrate salts and reserve water -plays a role is reabsorption process

53
Q

What’s the function of the renal papilla in the kidney

A

Urine gets taken from the nephron and into the you’re ureter
Also in conjunction with the calyx

54
Q

What’s the function of the calyx in the kidney

A

A collecting sac that transports urine from the papilla to the renal pelvis

55
Q

What’s the function of the renal pelvis in the kidney

A

Collects using from all of the calyces and ends up in the ureter

56
Q

What’s the function of the ureter in the kidney

A

Transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

57
Q

What’s does the afferent arteriole do

A

Transports arterial blood to the glomerulus for filtration

58
Q

What does the efferent arteriole do

A

Transports filtered blood from the glomerulus back to the blood stream

59
Q

What is the glomerulus

A

The site for blood filtration

60
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Aims to reabsorb useful substances (glucose)

61
Q

What’s the ascending loop of henle

A

Where water is reabsorbed

62
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule

A

The end of the nephron

The part it’s going to before it’s collected in the collecting duct

63
Q

How is glomerular filtration assisted

A

By the difference between the blood pressure in the glomerulus and the pressure in the capsule

64
Q

What does the hydrostatic pressure do in the glomerulus

A

Pushes water out

65
Q

What does osmotic pressure do in the glomerulus

A

Pull and filter blood back in

66
Q

What do the Kidneys do

A

Increase blood pressure

Play a role in water balance by controlling sodium and reabsorption of salt through the kidneys

67
Q

What is the difference in adults and children in the urinary system

A

The glomeruli are smaller in adults
The filtration surface related to body weight is similar
The tubules aren’t fully grown at birth and may not pass in the medulla

68
Q

What happens to the urinary system with ageing

A

Decline in urinary function
The bladder shrinks with ageing
Urinary retention is common in males

69
Q

What are the key roles of the digestive system

A 
Salivary glands 
Liver
Gallbladder 
Pancreas 
Mouth
Pharynx 
Oesophagus 
Stomach 
Small intestine 
Large intestine 
Rectum
Anus
70
Q

What’s the role of the salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva to moisten food particles, helps bind them and begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
Saliva dissolves food so they can be tasted and cleanses mouth and teeth

71
Q

What’s the role of the liver

A

Carbohydrate metabolism - Maintains concentration of blood glucose
Lipid metabolism- oxidising fatty acids, synthesising lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol

72
Q

What is the role of the gall bladder

A

Stored bile between meals, reabsorbs water to concentrate bile and contacts to release bile in the small intestine

73
Q

What’s the role of the pancreas

A

Secretion of pancreatic juice

Breaks triglyceride molecule into fatty acids and glycerol

74
Q

What’s the role of the mouth

A

Mechanically breaks up solid particles into smaller pieces mixing them with saliva

75
Q

What’s the role of the pharynx

A

A cavity posterior to the mouth from which the tubular oesophagus leads to the stomach
Important passageways and muscular walls function swallowing

76
Q

What’s the role of the oesophagus

A

Food passageway from the pharynx to the stomach

Goes to the stomach on the abdominal side of the diaphragm

77
Q

What’s the role of the stomach

A

Receives food from the oesophagus, mixes food with gastric juice, initiates protein digestion, carries on limited absorption and moves food into the small intestine

78
Q

What’s the role of the small intestine

A

Receives chyme from the stomach and secretions from the pancreas and liver
Completes digestion in the nutrients of chyme, absorbs products of digestion and transports the residues to the large intestine

79
Q

What’s the role of the large intestine

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes from chyme remaining in the elementary canal
Forms and stored faeces

Uni Biology (8 decks)

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