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Circulatory And Respiratory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nervous system do

A

Use receptors and defectors to ensure that the cardiovascular and respiratory system can respond to these changes in physiological perimeters

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2
Q

What does the muscular system do

A

Enables movement of the lungs to create low negative pressure which helps with the inflow of atmospheric pressure (when you inhale)

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3
Q

Is the heart a muscle?

A

Yeah

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4
Q

What does the skeletal system do

A

Suppers and protects internal organs

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5
Q

What does the circulatory system do

A

Circulates blood throughout the body for Transportation
Transports o2 to cells and co2 away from cells
Transports nutrients to cells
Transports waste products and volume to kidneys

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6
Q

What would happen if we didn’t have transportation in the circulatory system?

A

Acid based balance would be lost and homeostasis wouldn’t be maintained well - resulting in cell death and tissue death

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7
Q

What are the main organs and functions

A 
Heart
Veins
Arteries 
Capillaries
Blood
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8
Q

Functions of the heart

A

Arteries transports oxygenated blood and nutrients to all tissues
Veins return deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart

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9
Q

What are capillaries and what do the do

A

Small micro vessels, fine semipermeable membranes

Provide that surface area for gas exchange
Provide a bed for diffusion and the process of osmosis

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10
Q

What does the blood do

A

Plays a key part in maintaining homeostasis

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart

A

Pericardium (outer layer)
Myocardium (cardiac muscle cells)
Endocardium (lining chambers and valves)

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12
Q

What is the functions of the pericardium

A

Prevents overdistention of the heart

Pericardial fluid helps reduce friction

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13
Q

What is the functions of the myocardium

A

Specialised

Needed to generate force of the contraction

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14
Q

What is the functions of the endocardium

A

Smooth flow of blood

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15
Q

What is the atria

A

Thinner walled than ventricles
Move blood to the ventricles
Assisted by gravity
R+L atria contact together to create atrial systole

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16
Q

What are ventricles

A

Thinker walls (L is thicker than R)
Pumps blood to the lungs and body
R+L ventricles contact together to make ventricular diastole

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17
Q

What do valves do

A

Control direction of flow

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18
Q

What is the cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped by the heart is one minute

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19
Q

What is stroke volume

A

Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle in 1 contraction

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20
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance

A

Resistance generated by the constriction and dilation of vascular system

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21
Q

What happens in the p wave (ECG)

A

Sinoatrial node is depolarising

Where it starts

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22
Q

What happens in the QRS complex (ecg)

A

Ventricular depolarisation

Going through the heart

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23
Q

What happens in the t wave

A

Ventricular repolarisation

It relaxes

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24
Q

What can cause increased heart rate

A 
Autonomic control 
Hypovolaemia -it’s trying to perfuse and push blood out to systemic circulation 
Adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroxine
Hypoxia and co2
Temperature 
Gender
She
Emotions
Baroreceptor reflex
Position
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25
Q

What can decrease the heart rate

A

Autonomic control
Electrolyte imbalance
Some medication
Temperature

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26
Q

When does the heart develop in the foetus

A

3rd week

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27
Q

How is oxygen and nutrients provided to the foetus

A

By the placenta

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28
Q

What happens in a Foetus heart and circulation

A

Parent ducts arteries present
Heart required to pump elements of the foetus and remove waste
Lungs have no function for developing foetus

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29
Q

What happens when the umbilical cord is cut

A

Baby will take breath and inflate lungs

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30
Q

What happens to the heart when a baby is born

A

Pressure falls closing foreman ovale
Increased o2 triggers constriction of muscle fibre causing duct to close

(Heart defects occur when ducts remain open)

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31
Q

What are the similarities of an infants heart to an adults

A 
2 side (left and right)
4 chambers
Valves and vessels
Pumps blood
Electrical pathway
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32
Q

What are the differences of an infants heart to an adults

A

Heart of a newborn occupies 40% of the lung field (30% in adults)
Smaller stroke volume but increased cardiac output facilitated by higher heart rate
Overall low circulating blood volume
Minimal fluid loss can be significant
Children compensate well

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33
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

Provide oxygen for metabolism and generating energy at the cellular level
Remove co2
Regulate the acidity and alkalinity of body fluids (acid based balance)
Filters inspired air
Provides receptors for smell
Air we breath vibrates through vocal cords

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34
Q

What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system

A

Upper respiratory tract

Lower respiratory tract

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35
Q

Where is the upper respiratory tract

A

The airway from the nose to the larynx

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36
Q

Where is the lower respiratory tract

A

The airway from the trachea to the lungs
Protected by pleural membranes

(Anatomy linked to upturned tree)

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37
Q

What’s the structure of the pharynx

A

12-14cm passageway from posterior nares to oesophagus

Pharyngeal muscles keep the pharynx open to allow air movement

Constrictor muscles close during swallowing to push food and fluid into the oesophagus

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38
Q

What are the characteristics of lower airway

A

Large surface area to enable efficient gas exchange
Elastic properties
Rich blood supply
Moistened by fluid
Protected by mucus and mucociliary escalator

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39
Q

Why do you need a large surface area for respiration

A

Enables gas exchange

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40
Q

What is alveoli protected by

A

Surfactant - helps stabilise alveoli sacs

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41
Q

What eases diffusion around one cell membrane

A

Capillaries

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42
Q

Where does gas exchange take place

A

In the alveoli

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43
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide in the blood

A

It diffuses into the alveolus

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44
Q

What happens to oxygen in the body

A

It diffuses into the blood

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45
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

The release of energy from the breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen (internal respiration)

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46
Q

What is gas exchange

A

The release is of co2 and the uptake of o2 that occurs between red blood cells and the alveoli (external respiration)

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47
Q

What is ventilation

A

The mechanical mechanism of breathing

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48
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

A large sheet of muscle at the bottom of the rib cage

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49
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale (inspiration)

A

This muscle drops and rib cage rises

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50
Q

What happens to the volume of the lung cavity when you inhale

A

Increases the volume of the lung cavity causing a low pressure area

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51
Q

What does atmospheric pressure do?

A

Forces air into the lungs

External air pressure

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52
Q

What’s the difference in an adult rib cage and a child rib cage

A

Child rib cage is more flatter shaped

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53
Q

What breathing are infants mainly on? And why

A

Diaphragmatic breathing

The ribs lie more horizontally and contribute less to chest expansion,
muscles are more likely to fatigue than adults

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54
Q

Are children more prone to respiratory failure

A

Yes, anything that prevents diaphragmatic moment can contribute to respiratory failure

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55
Q

What increases as much as 150% in the first year of life

A

Compliance of the respiratory system

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56
Q

During respiratory distress, What happens to the energy generated in from diaphragmatic contraction (children)

A

It’s wasted through the distortion of the highly compliant rib cage

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57
Q

During respiratory distress what happens to the expiratory time?

A

It’s prolonged by the diaphragm and slight tracheal collapse in the upper airways maintains an end expiratory pressure

So..the neonates chest is a less effective pump

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58
Q

When does the neonates ability to control breathing develop?

A

During the postnatal period

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59
Q

What do chemoreceptors in the brain stem and carotid do?

Children

A

Drive responses to low o2 and high co2

Some patterns of foetal breathing persist such as periodic breathing where rates and tidal volume change slowly with regular apnoea

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60
Q

When is a females growth of lungs reached

A

18 years

61
Q

When is a males growth or lungs reached

A

24-30 years

62
Q

Where is the main site of airway resistance in adults

A

The upper airway; however it has been shown that peripheral airway resistance in children younger than 5 is four times higher than adults

63
Q

What is the major site of resistance

A

The medium-sized bronchi

64
Q

How many layers does a child’s trachea have?

A

3 layers of tissue held open by 16-20 incomplete c shaped rings of hyaline cartridge

65
Q

What is the diameter of a child’s tracheal

A

Less than the child’s little finger

Small amounts of mucus or swelling easily obstruct the airways

66
Q

How is the functional residual capacity determined in children?

A

By the static balance between the outward recoil of the chest wall and the inward recoil of the lung

67
Q

What is the lung volume in children a slow reserve

A

The static balance of forces results in a low ratio of functional residual capacity to total lung capacity of approximately 10-15% limiting gas exchange

68
Q

What is the closing capacity composed of in the lungs

A

Residual volume and closing volume

69
Q

What is surfactant

A

Complex substances containing phospholipids and a number or apoprotiens

70
Q

What is sufanctent produced by

A

Type 11 alveolar cells

lines the alveoli and smallest bronchioles

71
Q

Why is surfactant important in the alveoli

A

It stabilises the alveoli

72
Q

How does surfactant contribute to it’s general compliance

A

Surfactant reduces surface tension throughout the lung, thereby contributing to its general compliance

73
Q

What is the elastic recoil

A

The rebound was fb the lung tissues after having being stretched by inspiration

74
Q

What is carbon dioxide

A

The gaseous product that is normally expelled through the lungs

75
Q

What are the folds of tissue located in the larynx that vibrate when air passes over them producing sound waves associated with talking

A

Vocal cords

76
Q

What is the force around us which provides the force that moves air into lungs called

A

Atmospheric pressure

77
Q

What is the dome shaped sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

78
Q

What is the serous membrane that firmly covered the surface of each lung into the fissures between the lungs

A

Visceral pleura

79
Q

These projections line the tranches and help filter incoming air and entrap inhaled unwanted particles

A

Cilia

80
Q

This response to n the lungs is part of the fight or flight response triggered by the sympathetic nervous system

A

Bronchodilation

81
Q

The passageway for food moving from the oral cavity to the oesophagus and for air passing between the nasal cavity and the larynx

A

Pharynx

82
Q

This is a tube like portion of the respiratory tract that connects the Larynx with the bronchial parts of the lungs

A

Trachea

83
Q

This consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs

A

Bronchial tree

84
Q

The colourless gas’s essential for respiration which binds with haemoglobin

A

Oxygen

85
Q

This is the moment of air into and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation

A

Pulmonary ventilation

86
Q

This is the volume of air that is inspired and then expired in a single breath or respiratory cycle and measures approximately 500ml

A

Tidal volume

87
Q

This is a double layered serous membrane found in the thoracic cavity. The outer layer is called the parietal pleura and the inner player is the visceral pleura. What do these both make up

A

Pleural membrane

88
Q

The potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae

A

Pleural cavity

89
Q

The substance made from the combination was oxygen and haemoglobin

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

90
Q

This helps regulate the depth of breathing using stench receptors and prevents over inflation of the lungs during forceful breathing

A

Inflation reflex

91
Q

This is part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea; it also contains the he vocal cords

A

Larynx

92
Q

This centre is located in the medulla oblongata and pons; it receives controlling signals of neutral, chemical and hormonal nature and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements

A

Respiratory centre

93
Q

The par of breathing was Ryan’s located in the chest

A

Lungs

94
Q

This is an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

A

Hyypercapnia

95
Q

This is a ring of cartridge that surrounds the trachea

A

Cricoid cartridge

96
Q

This is to breathe with difficulty productions a hoarse whistling sound, heard in asthmatics

A

Wheeze

97
Q

This is the matter coughed up and is a mixture of saliva, mucous and foreign material

A

Sputum

98
Q

The process of oxygen utilisation and carbon dioxide production at the cellular level

A

Cellular respiration

99
Q

These are the tiny air filled sac arranged in clusters in the lungs, in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place

A

Alveoli

100
Q

This part of the respiratory system includes trachea, bronchial tree and the lungs

A

Lower respiratory tract

101
Q

The membrane across which gas exchange occurs made up of epithelial walls d the alveoli and capillary walls

A

Respiratory membrane

102
Q

The gas exchange between the blood and air in the lungs

A

External respiration

103
Q

A substance composed of lipoprotein that is secreted by the alveolar cells of the lungs and helps reduce their tendency to collapse in on themselves

A

Surfactant

104
Q

The gas exchange between the blood and the cells

A

Internal respiration

105
Q

This part of the respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx

A

Upper respiratory tract

106
Q

This separates the left and right lungs medially

A

Mediastinum

107
Q

What region is the pancreas in

A

The epigastric region

108
Q

What region is the large bowel in

A

All regions except for possibly epigastric region

109
Q

What region and quadrant n the appendix in

A

Lower right quadrant

Right illac region

110
Q

What region is the bladder in

A

Hypogastric region

111
Q

What region is the small intestine in

A

Umbilical region (but extending into surrounding lower regions)

112
Q

What is is the right hypochondriac

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Small intestine

113
Q

What is the the epigastric region

A 
Stomach 
Liver
Pancreas 
Duodenum 
Spleen
Adrenal glands
114
Q

What is in the left hypochondriac

A

Spleen
Colon
Left kidney
Pancreas

115
Q

What is in the right lumbar

A

Gallbladder
Liver
Right colon

116
Q

What is in the umbilical region

A

Umbilicus (navel)
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum

117
Q

What is in the left lumbar

A

Descending colon

Left kidney

118
Q

What is in the right iliac

A

Appendix

Cecum

119
Q

What is in the hypogastric region

A

Urinary bladder
Sigmoid colon
female reproductive organs

120
Q

What’s in the left ilac

A

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

121
Q

What is the sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

The pace maker of the heart because it initiates impulses more rapidly

122
Q

What is the atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

Stimulated by impulses that sweep over the atrial myocardium

Initiates impulses that cause contraction but at a slower rate than SA node

123
Q

What is the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)

A

Crosses the fibrous ring that separates atria and ventricles

Divides into right and left bundle branches

124
Q

What a purkinje fibres

A

The fine fibres that are broken up from the bundle branches

125
Q

What does the av bundle, bundle branches and purkinje fibres do

A

Convey electrical impulses from the av node to the Apex of the myocardium where the wave of ventricular contraction begins, then sweeps upwards and outwards, pumping bloody into the pulmonary artery and the aorta

126
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located (SA node)

A

This small mass of specialised cells is in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava

127
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node located (AV node)

A

This small mass of neuromuscular tissue is situated in the wall of the atrial septum near the atrioventricular valves

128
Q

What is the name of the thick muscle layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

129
Q

What is the name of the membranous sac which enclosed the heart

A

Pericardium

130
Q

What is the name for the inner layer of the wall of the heart

A

Endocardium

131
Q

What is the name for the top chambers of the heart

A

Atria

132
Q

What is the name for the bottom chambers of the heart

A

Ventricles

133
Q

What is the name of the wall like structure that separates the left and right sides of the heart

A

Septum

134
Q

Which large artery provides oxygenated blood to the tissues from the heart

A

Aorta

135
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary arteries

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs

136
Q

What is the function of the vena cava

A

Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the tissues

137
Q

What is the correct sequence of structures through which blood moves from pulmonary veins to the aorta

A

Left atrium
Mitral (bicuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Aortic valve

138
Q

What is the correct sequence which allow blood to move from the vena cavae to the lungs

A

Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve

139
Q

What is the 3 cardiac cycles stages (in order)

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Atrial and ventricular diastole (complete cardiac diastole)

140
Q

What is the cardiac conduction pathway in a normal healthy heart?

A 
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
atrioventricular bundle/bundle of his
Left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibres
141
Q

Which muscle is primarily responsible for inspiration

A

Diaphragm

142
Q

Which has make up the highest proportion of normal atmospheric air (the air we breathe)

A

Nitrogen

143
Q

If the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood increase; what is likely to happen to the rate of breathing

A

Increase

144
Q

What is the process by which gas exchange occurs between the air in the alveoli and blood in the nearby capillaries

A

Diffusion

145
Q

What are the function of the respiratory system

A

To provide oxygen for energy production (metabolism)
To remove waste products of energy production
To regulate acid based balance
Filters, heats and humidifies inspired air

146
Q

Which gas is essential for most metabolic reactions that produce energy

A

Oxygen

147
Q

Which gas is the waste product of energy production

A

Carbon dioxide

148
Q

Which lung has the most lobes

A

Right lungs

149
Q

What is not a primitive reflex in an infant

A

Crawling reflex

Uni Biology (8 decks)

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