Circulatory And Respiratory Systems Flashcards
What does the nervous system do
Use receptors and defectors to ensure that the cardiovascular and respiratory system can respond to these changes in physiological perimeters
What does the muscular system do
Enables movement of the lungs to create low negative pressure which helps with the inflow of atmospheric pressure (when you inhale)
Is the heart a muscle?
Yeah
What does the skeletal system do
Suppers and protects internal organs
What does the circulatory system do
Circulates blood throughout the body for Transportation
Transports o2 to cells and co2 away from cells
Transports nutrients to cells
Transports waste products and volume to kidneys
What would happen if we didn’t have transportation in the circulatory system?
Acid based balance would be lost and homeostasis wouldn’t be maintained well - resulting in cell death and tissue death
What are the main organs and functions
Heart Veins Arteries Capillaries Blood
Functions of the heart
Arteries transports oxygenated blood and nutrients to all tissues
Veins return deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart
What are capillaries and what do the do
Small micro vessels, fine semipermeable membranes
Provide that surface area for gas exchange
Provide a bed for diffusion and the process of osmosis
What does the blood do
Plays a key part in maintaining homeostasis
What are the 3 layers of the heart
Pericardium (outer layer)
Myocardium (cardiac muscle cells)
Endocardium (lining chambers and valves)
What is the functions of the pericardium
Prevents overdistention of the heart
Pericardial fluid helps reduce friction
What is the functions of the myocardium
Specialised
Needed to generate force of the contraction
What is the functions of the endocardium
Smooth flow of blood
What is the atria
Thinner walled than ventricles
Move blood to the ventricles
Assisted by gravity
R+L atria contact together to create atrial systole
What are ventricles
Thinker walls (L is thicker than R)
Pumps blood to the lungs and body
R+L ventricles contact together to make ventricular diastole
What do valves do
Control direction of flow
What is the cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped by the heart is one minute
What is stroke volume
Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle in 1 contraction
What is systemic vascular resistance
Resistance generated by the constriction and dilation of vascular system
What happens in the p wave (ECG)
Sinoatrial node is depolarising
Where it starts
What happens in the QRS complex (ecg)
Ventricular depolarisation
Going through the heart
What happens in the t wave
Ventricular repolarisation
It relaxes
What can cause increased heart rate
Autonomic control Hypovolaemia -it’s trying to perfuse and push blood out to systemic circulation Adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroxine Hypoxia and co2 Temperature Gender She Emotions Baroreceptor reflex Position
What can decrease the heart rate
Autonomic control
Electrolyte imbalance
Some medication
Temperature
When does the heart develop in the foetus
3rd week
How is oxygen and nutrients provided to the foetus
By the placenta
What happens in a Foetus heart and circulation
Parent ducts arteries present
Heart required to pump elements of the foetus and remove waste
Lungs have no function for developing foetus
What happens when the umbilical cord is cut
Baby will take breath and inflate lungs
What happens to the heart when a baby is born
Pressure falls closing foreman ovale
Increased o2 triggers constriction of muscle fibre causing duct to close
(Heart defects occur when ducts remain open)
What are the similarities of an infants heart to an adults
2 side (left and right) 4 chambers Valves and vessels Pumps blood Electrical pathway
What are the differences of an infants heart to an adults
Heart of a newborn occupies 40% of the lung field (30% in adults)
Smaller stroke volume but increased cardiac output facilitated by higher heart rate
Overall low circulating blood volume
Minimal fluid loss can be significant
Children compensate well
What are the functions of the respiratory system
Provide oxygen for metabolism and generating energy at the cellular level
Remove co2
Regulate the acidity and alkalinity of body fluids (acid based balance)
Filters inspired air
Provides receptors for smell
Air we breath vibrates through vocal cords
What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
Where is the upper respiratory tract
The airway from the nose to the larynx
Where is the lower respiratory tract
The airway from the trachea to the lungs
Protected by pleural membranes
(Anatomy linked to upturned tree)
What’s the structure of the pharynx
12-14cm passageway from posterior nares to oesophagus
Pharyngeal muscles keep the pharynx open to allow air movement
Constrictor muscles close during swallowing to push food and fluid into the oesophagus
What are the characteristics of lower airway
Large surface area to enable efficient gas exchange
Elastic properties
Rich blood supply
Moistened by fluid
Protected by mucus and mucociliary escalator
Why do you need a large surface area for respiration
Enables gas exchange
What is alveoli protected by
Surfactant - helps stabilise alveoli sacs
What eases diffusion around one cell membrane
Capillaries
Where does gas exchange take place
In the alveoli
What happens to carbon dioxide in the blood
It diffuses into the alveolus
What happens to oxygen in the body
It diffuses into the blood
What is cellular respiration
The release of energy from the breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen (internal respiration)
What is gas exchange
The release is of co2 and the uptake of o2 that occurs between red blood cells and the alveoli (external respiration)
What is ventilation
The mechanical mechanism of breathing
What is the diaphragm
A large sheet of muscle at the bottom of the rib cage
What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale (inspiration)
This muscle drops and rib cage rises
What happens to the volume of the lung cavity when you inhale
Increases the volume of the lung cavity causing a low pressure area
What does atmospheric pressure do?
Forces air into the lungs
External air pressure
What’s the difference in an adult rib cage and a child rib cage
Child rib cage is more flatter shaped
What breathing are infants mainly on? And why
Diaphragmatic breathing
The ribs lie more horizontally and contribute less to chest expansion,
muscles are more likely to fatigue than adults
Are children more prone to respiratory failure
Yes, anything that prevents diaphragmatic moment can contribute to respiratory failure
What increases as much as 150% in the first year of life
Compliance of the respiratory system
During respiratory distress, What happens to the energy generated in from diaphragmatic contraction (children)
It’s wasted through the distortion of the highly compliant rib cage
During respiratory distress what happens to the expiratory time?
It’s prolonged by the diaphragm and slight tracheal collapse in the upper airways maintains an end expiratory pressure
So..the neonates chest is a less effective pump
When does the neonates ability to control breathing develop?
During the postnatal period
What do chemoreceptors in the brain stem and carotid do?
Children
Drive responses to low o2 and high co2
Some patterns of foetal breathing persist such as periodic breathing where rates and tidal volume change slowly with regular apnoea
When is a females growth of lungs reached
18 years
When is a males growth or lungs reached
24-30 years
Where is the main site of airway resistance in adults
The upper airway; however it has been shown that peripheral airway resistance in children younger than 5 is four times higher than adults
What is the major site of resistance
The medium-sized bronchi
How many layers does a child’s trachea have?
3 layers of tissue held open by 16-20 incomplete c shaped rings of hyaline cartridge
What is the diameter of a child’s tracheal
Less than the child’s little finger
Small amounts of mucus or swelling easily obstruct the airways
How is the functional residual capacity determined in children?
By the static balance between the outward recoil of the chest wall and the inward recoil of the lung
What is the lung volume in children a slow reserve
The static balance of forces results in a low ratio of functional residual capacity to total lung capacity of approximately 10-15% limiting gas exchange
What is the closing capacity composed of in the lungs
Residual volume and closing volume
What is surfactant
Complex substances containing phospholipids and a number or apoprotiens
What is sufanctent produced by
Type 11 alveolar cells
lines the alveoli and smallest bronchioles
Why is surfactant important in the alveoli
It stabilises the alveoli
How does surfactant contribute to it’s general compliance
Surfactant reduces surface tension throughout the lung, thereby contributing to its general compliance
What is the elastic recoil
The rebound was fb the lung tissues after having being stretched by inspiration
What is carbon dioxide
The gaseous product that is normally expelled through the lungs
What are the folds of tissue located in the larynx that vibrate when air passes over them producing sound waves associated with talking
Vocal cords
What is the force around us which provides the force that moves air into lungs called
Atmospheric pressure
What is the dome shaped sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm
What is the serous membrane that firmly covered the surface of each lung into the fissures between the lungs
Visceral pleura
These projections line the tranches and help filter incoming air and entrap inhaled unwanted particles
Cilia
This response to n the lungs is part of the fight or flight response triggered by the sympathetic nervous system
Bronchodilation
The passageway for food moving from the oral cavity to the oesophagus and for air passing between the nasal cavity and the larynx
Pharynx
This is a tube like portion of the respiratory tract that connects the Larynx with the bronchial parts of the lungs
Trachea
This consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs
Bronchial tree
The colourless gas’s essential for respiration which binds with haemoglobin
Oxygen
This is the moment of air into and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation
Pulmonary ventilation
This is the volume of air that is inspired and then expired in a single breath or respiratory cycle and measures approximately 500ml
Tidal volume
This is a double layered serous membrane found in the thoracic cavity. The outer layer is called the parietal pleura and the inner player is the visceral pleura. What do these both make up
Pleural membrane
The potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae
Pleural cavity
The substance made from the combination was oxygen and haemoglobin
Oxyhaemoglobin
This helps regulate the depth of breathing using stench receptors and prevents over inflation of the lungs during forceful breathing
Inflation reflex
This is part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea; it also contains the he vocal cords
Larynx
This centre is located in the medulla oblongata and pons; it receives controlling signals of neutral, chemical and hormonal nature and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements
Respiratory centre
The par of breathing was Ryan’s located in the chest
Lungs
This is an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hyypercapnia
This is a ring of cartridge that surrounds the trachea
Cricoid cartridge
This is to breathe with difficulty productions a hoarse whistling sound, heard in asthmatics
Wheeze
This is the matter coughed up and is a mixture of saliva, mucous and foreign material
Sputum
The process of oxygen utilisation and carbon dioxide production at the cellular level
Cellular respiration
These are the tiny air filled sac arranged in clusters in the lungs, in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
Alveoli
This part of the respiratory system includes trachea, bronchial tree and the lungs
Lower respiratory tract
The membrane across which gas exchange occurs made up of epithelial walls d the alveoli and capillary walls
Respiratory membrane
The gas exchange between the blood and air in the lungs
External respiration
A substance composed of lipoprotein that is secreted by the alveolar cells of the lungs and helps reduce their tendency to collapse in on themselves
Surfactant
The gas exchange between the blood and the cells
Internal respiration
This part of the respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx
Upper respiratory tract
This separates the left and right lungs medially
Mediastinum
What region is the pancreas in
The epigastric region
What region is the large bowel in
All regions except for possibly epigastric region
What region and quadrant n the appendix in
Lower right quadrant
Right illac region
What region is the bladder in
Hypogastric region
What region is the small intestine in
Umbilical region (but extending into surrounding lower regions)
What is is the right hypochondriac
Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Small intestine
What is the the epigastric region
Stomach Liver Pancreas Duodenum Spleen Adrenal glands
What is in the left hypochondriac
Spleen
Colon
Left kidney
Pancreas
What is in the right lumbar
Gallbladder
Liver
Right colon
What is in the umbilical region
Umbilicus (navel)
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum
What is in the left lumbar
Descending colon
Left kidney
What is in the right iliac
Appendix
Cecum
What is in the hypogastric region
Urinary bladder
Sigmoid colon
female reproductive organs
What’s in the left ilac
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
What is the sinoatrial node (SA node)
The pace maker of the heart because it initiates impulses more rapidly
What is the atrioventricular node (AV node)
Stimulated by impulses that sweep over the atrial myocardium
Initiates impulses that cause contraction but at a slower rate than SA node
What is the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
Crosses the fibrous ring that separates atria and ventricles
Divides into right and left bundle branches
What a purkinje fibres
The fine fibres that are broken up from the bundle branches
What does the av bundle, bundle branches and purkinje fibres do
Convey electrical impulses from the av node to the Apex of the myocardium where the wave of ventricular contraction begins, then sweeps upwards and outwards, pumping bloody into the pulmonary artery and the aorta
Where is the sinoatrial node located (SA node)
This small mass of specialised cells is in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava
Where is the atrioventricular node located (AV node)
This small mass of neuromuscular tissue is situated in the wall of the atrial septum near the atrioventricular valves
What is the name of the thick muscle layer of the heart
Myocardium
What is the name of the membranous sac which enclosed the heart
Pericardium
What is the name for the inner layer of the wall of the heart
Endocardium
What is the name for the top chambers of the heart
Atria
What is the name for the bottom chambers of the heart
Ventricles
What is the name of the wall like structure that separates the left and right sides of the heart
Septum
Which large artery provides oxygenated blood to the tissues from the heart
Aorta
What is the function of the pulmonary arteries
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
What is the function of the vena cava
Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the tissues
What is the correct sequence of structures through which blood moves from pulmonary veins to the aorta
Left atrium
Mitral (bicuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
What is the correct sequence which allow blood to move from the vena cavae to the lungs
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
What is the 3 cardiac cycles stages (in order)
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Atrial and ventricular diastole (complete cardiac diastole)
What is the cardiac conduction pathway in a normal healthy heart?
Sinoatrial node (SA node) Atrioventricular node (AV node) atrioventricular bundle/bundle of his Left and right bundle branches Purkinje fibres
Which muscle is primarily responsible for inspiration
Diaphragm
Which has make up the highest proportion of normal atmospheric air (the air we breathe)
Nitrogen
If the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood increase; what is likely to happen to the rate of breathing
Increase
What is the process by which gas exchange occurs between the air in the alveoli and blood in the nearby capillaries
Diffusion
What are the function of the respiratory system
To provide oxygen for energy production (metabolism)
To remove waste products of energy production
To regulate acid based balance
Filters, heats and humidifies inspired air
Which gas is essential for most metabolic reactions that produce energy
Oxygen
Which gas is the waste product of energy production
Carbon dioxide
Which lung has the most lobes
Right lungs
What is not a primitive reflex in an infant
Crawling reflex
