Organisations, Movements And Members

Question 1

According to Troeltsch, what is a church?

Answer 1

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Question 2

According to Troelsch, what is a sect?

Answer 2

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Question 3

According to Niebuhr, what is a denomination and how does it differ from both a church and a sect?

Answer 3

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Question 4

What is a sect?

Answer 4

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Question 5

What are the characteristics of leaders of cults?

Answer 5

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Question 6

How are churches and sects similar in the way they see themselves?

Answer 6

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Question 7

How does wider society see churches and denominations?

Answer 7

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Question 8

How does wider society see sects and cults?

Answer 8

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Question 9

According to Bruce, why do some of the definitions of religious organisations not fit today’s reality?

Answer 9

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Question 10

Briefly explain and give examples of Wallis’ three categories of NRMs:

• World-rejecting
• World-accommodating
• World-affirming

Answer 10

World-rejecting:
World-accommodation
World-affirming

Question 11

Give three criticisms of Wallis’ classification.

Answer 11

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Question 12

Briefly explain Stark and Bainbridge’s two kinds of organisation:

• Sects
• Cults

Answer 12

Sects:
Cults:

Question 13

According to Stark and Bainbridge, what benefits do sects offer their followers?

Answer 13

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Question 14

According to Stark and Bainbridge, what benefits do cults offer their followers?

Answer 14

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Question 15

Briefly explain and give examples of Stark and Bainbridge’s three types of cults.

Answer 15

• Audience cults
• Client cults
• Cultic movements

Question 16

Why are marginal groups in society more likely to join sects?

Answer 16

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Question 17

Explain what Weber means by a ‘theodicy of disprivilege’.

Answer 17

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Question 18

According to Wallis, why do some well-educated, young, middle-class whites join sects?

Answer 18

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Question 19

Define relative deprivation.

Answer 19

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Question 20

Why might middle-class people feel spiritually deprived?

Answer 20

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Question 21

According to Stark and Bainbridge, why do world-rejecting sects appeal to the deprived?

Answer 21

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Question 22

According to Stark and Bainbridge, why are the privileged more likely to join world-accepting churches?

Answer 22

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Question 23

According to Wilson, why do sects emerge in periods of rapid social change? Give an example.

Answer 23

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Question 24

According to Bruce, why do people join sects in response to secularisation?

Answer 24

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Question 25

Briefly explain the reasons for the growth in world rejecting NRMs.

Answer 25

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Question 26

Briefly explain the reasons for the growth in world-affirming NRMs.

Answer 26

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Question 27

Define schism.

Answer 27

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Question 28

Briefly explain Neibuhr's three reasons for sects being short lived.

Answer 28

The second generation: The 'Protestant ethic' effect: Death of the leader:

Question 29

According to Wilson, what patterns do conversionist sects follow?

Answer 29

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Question 30

According to Wilson, what patterns do Adventist sects follow?

Answer 30

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Question 31

Give three examples of established sects.

Answer 31

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Question 32

According to Wilson, why is it becoming more difficult for sects to keep themselves separate?

Answer 32

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Question 33

What is the positive effect of globalisation for some sects?

Answer 33

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Question 34

Give four examples of New Age beliefs.

Answer 34

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Question 35

Briefly outline the two common themes of New Age beliefs identified by Heelas: - Self-spirituality - Detraditionalisation

Answer 35

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Question 36

What are meta-narratives?

Answer 36

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Question 37

Why have people lost faith in professionals such as scientists and doctors?

Answer 37

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Question 38

According to Bruce, why is the growth of the New Age a feature of modern society?

Answer 38

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Question 39

Why are New Age activities attractive to Westerners?

Answer 39

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Question 40

Briefly explain the four ways in which Heelas links the New Age and modernity: - A source of identity - Consumer culture

Answer 40

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Question 41

Briefly explain the four ways in which Heelas links the New Age and modernity: - Rapid social change - Decline of organised religion

Answer 41

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Question 42

Summarise the ways in which women can be seen as more religious than men.

Answer 42

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Question 43

Briefly outline Miller and Hoffman's three main reasons for women's higher levels of religiosity.

Answer 43

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Question 44

According to Bruce, what was the reason for women's higher religiosity in the past?

Answer 44

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Question 45

Briefly outline two reasons why religion remains attractive to some women.

Answer 45

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Question 46

Why are women more often associated with 'nature'?

Answer 46

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Question 47

According to Bruce, how does women's experience of child-rearing make them more likely to be attracted to New Age movements?

Answer 47

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Question 48

Briefly explain the role conflict that women in paid work suffer from.

Answer 48

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Question 49

Briefly explain what Woodhead means by 'the individual sphere'.

Answer 49

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Question 50

According to Brown, why do 'self' religions attract women?

Answer 50

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Question 51

Why might women be attracted to fundamentalism?

Answer 51

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Question 52

Briefly explain the class differences in the types of religion the appeal to women identified by Bruce.

Answer 52

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Question 53

Briefly explain the three forms of deprivation suffered by women: - Organismic deprivation - Ethical deprivation - Social deprivation

Answer 53

- Organismic deprivation: - Ethical deprivation: - Social deprivation:

Question 54

In what ways is Pentecostalism a patriarchal religion?

Answer 54

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Question 55

According to Brusco, why is Pentecostalism attractive to women despite it patriarchal features?

Answer 55

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Question 56

Why has religious participation declined among women in the UK?

Answer 56

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Question 57

Why do women reject traditional religions?

Answer 57

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Question 58

Briefly outline the following explanations given for ethnic differences in religiosity: - Cultural defence - Cultural transition

Answer 58

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Question 59

Briefly outline Voas and Crockett's three explanations for age differences in religiosity.

Answer 59

- The ageing effect: - The period or cohort effect: - Secularisation

Question 60

According to Voas and Crockett, which of the above is the main reason for age differences in religiosity?

Answer 60

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Question 61

Using and example, explain what Arweck and Beckford mean by the virtual collapse of religious socialisation.

Answer 61

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