Control, Punishment and Victims Flashcards
According to Clarke, what is situational crime prevention (SCP)?
.
Briefly outline the three features of SCP.
-
Briefly outline three methods of target hardening.
-
Briefly explain what is meant by rational choice theory.
.
According to Clarke, why should crime prevention focus on the immediate crime situation?
.
Using Felson’s example of Port Authority Bus Terminal, explain how it is possible to ‘design out crime’.
.
Briefly outline what is meant by displacement.
.
Briefly outline the five types of displacement.
- - - - -
Briefly outline four criticisms of SCP.
-
-
What do Wilson and Kelling mean by ‘broken windows’?
.
According to Wilson and Kelling, how has formal social control broken down in neighbourhoods with crime?
.
According to Wilson and Kelling, how has informal social control broken down in neighbourhoods with crime?
.
What is the result of the breakdown of control in neighbourhoods?
.
Briefly explain Wilson and Kelling’s solutions to crime.
- Environmental improvement strategy:
- Zero tolerance policing strategy:
Use an example to illustrate the success of zero tolerance policing.
.
Briefly outline five factors that may have contributed to the improvements in the crime rate in New York.
- - - - -
What is the emphasis of social and community prevention strategies?
.
Briefly explain the outcomes of the Perry pre-school project.
.
Define surveillance
.
How is surveillance carried out in late modern society?
.
Briefly explain the meaning of sovereign power.
.
Briefly explain the meaning of disciplinary power.
.
According to Foucault, why has disciplinary power replaced sovereign power in Western societies?
.
Briefly explain the Panopticon and how it leads to self-surveillance.
.
According to Foucault, what is the difference in outcomes between disciplinary power and sovereign power?
.
List the institutions that subject individuals to disciplinary power, apart from prisons.
.
Briefly explain two criticisms of Foucault.
-
-
According to Norris, why is the effectiveness of CCTV cameras limited?
.
According to Gill and Loveday, what function do CCTV cameras perform?
.
According to Mathiesen, how do the media enable surveillance?
.
Explain what Mathiesen means by the ‘Synopticon’.
.
According to Thompson, how are powerful groups affected by surveillance?
.
How do the public carry out synoptic surveillance? Why is this called ‘sousveillance’?
.
Briefly explain what Haggerty and Ericson mean by ‘surveillance assemblages’.
.
According to Feeley and Simon, how is the new ‘technology of power’ different from Foucault’s disciplinary power?.
-
Briefly explain how airport security screenings use ‘risk factors’ to carry out surveillance.
.
How does Young describe actuarial justice?
.
According to Lyon, what is the purpose of ‘social sorting’?
.
According to Gary Marx, what is ‘categorical suspicion’? Give an example.
.
Briefly outline one problem with actuarial justice.
.
According to Ditton et al, how does the use of CCTV show evidence of labelling?
.
According to Norris and Armstrong, how do the CCTV operators use typifications when monitoring areas?
.
Briefly outline how punishment may reduce crime in the following ways:
- Deterrence
- Rehabilitation
- Incapacitation
.
Briefly outline how punishment may act as a form of retribution.
.
According to Durkheim, what is the function of punishment?
.
Briefly explain retributive justice.
.
Briefly explain restitutive justice.
.
According to Marxists, what is the function of punishment? Give an example.
.
According to Marxists, what is the form of punishment under capitalism? Give an example.
.
According to Melossi and Pavarini, how does imprisonment reflect capitalist relations of production?
-
-
How has the role of prison changed since the Enlightenment?
.
Why may imprisonment not be an effective method of rehabilitation? Despite this ineffectiveness, why have prison populations increased in England and Wales?
.
How does the rate of incarceration in America compare to that in Europe? According to Garland, what is the impact of these high rates of incarceration?
.
According to Downes, what is the ideological function of imprisonment?
.
What is ‘penal welfarism’?
.
Define transcarceration.
.
Use an example to illustrate how transcarceration is a product of the blurring or boundaries between the criminal justice system and welfare agencies.
.
What community-based controls are used as alternatives to prison? According to Cohen, how has this cast the net of control over more people?
.
How does the United Nations define victims?
.
According to Christie, what is the definition of ‘victim’?
.
Why is it important to study victims?
.
Briefly explain the three features of positivist victimology.
-
How did early positivist studies use the idea of victim proneness and what is the implication of this?
.
Briefly outline four criticisms of positivist victimology.
-
-
Which theories is critical victimology based on?
.
Briefly outline the following elements of critical victimology:
- Structural factors
- The state’s power to apply or deny the label of a victim
.
According to TOmbs and Whyte, why do ‘safety crimes’ often deny people victim status?
.
According to Tombs and Whyte, what is the ideological function of failure to label?
.
Briefly outline two criticisms of critical victimology.
-
-
Briefly outline the patterns of victimisation for the following social groups:
- Class
- Age
.
Briefly outline the patterns of victimisation for the following social groups:
- Ethnicity
- Class
.
Briefly explain repeat victimisation.
.
Briefly outline some of the impacts of being a victim of crime.
.
How might crime affect those who are not direct victims?
.
Briefly explain what is meant by secondary victimsation.
.
What might be the impact of fear of victimisation.
.