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sociology > Control, Punishment and Victims > Flashcards

Control, Punishment and Victims Flashcards

1
Q

According to Clarke, what is situational crime prevention (SCP)?

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2
Q

Briefly outline the three features of SCP.

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3
Q

Briefly outline three methods of target hardening.

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4
Q

Briefly explain what is meant by rational choice theory.

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5
Q

According to Clarke, why should crime prevention focus on the immediate crime situation?

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6
Q

Using Felson’s example of Port Authority Bus Terminal, explain how it is possible to ‘design out crime’.

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7
Q

Briefly outline what is meant by displacement.

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8
Q

Briefly outline the five types of displacement.

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9
Q

Briefly outline four criticisms of SCP.

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10
Q

What do Wilson and Kelling mean by ‘broken windows’?

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11
Q

According to Wilson and Kelling, how has formal social control broken down in neighbourhoods with crime?

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12
Q

According to Wilson and Kelling, how has informal social control broken down in neighbourhoods with crime?

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13
Q

What is the result of the breakdown of control in neighbourhoods?

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14
Q

Briefly explain Wilson and Kelling’s solutions to crime.

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  • Environmental improvement strategy:

- Zero tolerance policing strategy:

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15
Q

Use an example to illustrate the success of zero tolerance policing.

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16
Q

Briefly outline five factors that may have contributed to the improvements in the crime rate in New York.

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17
Q

What is the emphasis of social and community prevention strategies?

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18
Q

Briefly explain the outcomes of the Perry pre-school project.

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19
Q

Define surveillance

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20
Q

How is surveillance carried out in late modern society?

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21
Q

Briefly explain the meaning of sovereign power.

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22
Q

Briefly explain the meaning of disciplinary power.

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23
Q

According to Foucault, why has disciplinary power replaced sovereign power in Western societies?

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24
Q

Briefly explain the Panopticon and how it leads to self-surveillance.

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25
Q

According to Foucault, what is the difference in outcomes between disciplinary power and sovereign power?

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26
Q

List the institutions that subject individuals to disciplinary power, apart from prisons.

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27
Q

Briefly explain two criticisms of Foucault.

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28
Q

According to Norris, why is the effectiveness of CCTV cameras limited?

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29
Q

According to Gill and Loveday, what function do CCTV cameras perform?

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30
Q

According to Mathiesen, how do the media enable surveillance?

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31
Q

Explain what Mathiesen means by the ‘Synopticon’.

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32
Q

According to Thompson, how are powerful groups affected by surveillance?

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33
Q

How do the public carry out synoptic surveillance? Why is this called ‘sousveillance’?

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34
Q

Briefly explain what Haggerty and Ericson mean by ‘surveillance assemblages’.

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35
Q

According to Feeley and Simon, how is the new ‘technology of power’ different from Foucault’s disciplinary power?.

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36
Q

Briefly explain how airport security screenings use ‘risk factors’ to carry out surveillance.

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37
Q

How does Young describe actuarial justice?

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38
Q

According to Lyon, what is the purpose of ‘social sorting’?

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39
Q

According to Gary Marx, what is ‘categorical suspicion’? Give an example.

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40
Q

Briefly outline one problem with actuarial justice.

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41
Q

According to Ditton et al, how does the use of CCTV show evidence of labelling?

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42
Q

According to Norris and Armstrong, how do the CCTV operators use typifications when monitoring areas?

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43
Q

Briefly outline how punishment may reduce crime in the following ways:

  • Deterrence
  • Rehabilitation
  • Incapacitation
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44
Q

Briefly outline how punishment may act as a form of retribution.

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45
Q

According to Durkheim, what is the function of punishment?

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46
Q

Briefly explain retributive justice.

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47
Q

Briefly explain restitutive justice.

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48
Q

According to Marxists, what is the function of punishment? Give an example.

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49
Q

According to Marxists, what is the form of punishment under capitalism? Give an example.

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50
Q

According to Melossi and Pavarini, how does imprisonment reflect capitalist relations of production?

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51
Q

How has the role of prison changed since the Enlightenment?

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52
Q

Why may imprisonment not be an effective method of rehabilitation? Despite this ineffectiveness, why have prison populations increased in England and Wales?

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53
Q

How does the rate of incarceration in America compare to that in Europe? According to Garland, what is the impact of these high rates of incarceration?

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54
Q

According to Downes, what is the ideological function of imprisonment?

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55
Q

What is ‘penal welfarism’?

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56
Q

Define transcarceration.

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57
Q

Use an example to illustrate how transcarceration is a product of the blurring or boundaries between the criminal justice system and welfare agencies.

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58
Q

What community-based controls are used as alternatives to prison? According to Cohen, how has this cast the net of control over more people?

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59
Q

How does the United Nations define victims?

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60
Q

According to Christie, what is the definition of ‘victim’?

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61
Q

Why is it important to study victims?

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62
Q

Briefly explain the three features of positivist victimology.

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63
Q

How did early positivist studies use the idea of victim proneness and what is the implication of this?

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64
Q

Briefly outline four criticisms of positivist victimology.

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65
Q

Which theories is critical victimology based on?

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66
Q

Briefly outline the following elements of critical victimology:

  • Structural factors
  • The state’s power to apply or deny the label of a victim
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67
Q

According to TOmbs and Whyte, why do ‘safety crimes’ often deny people victim status?

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68
Q

According to Tombs and Whyte, what is the ideological function of failure to label?

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69
Q

Briefly outline two criticisms of critical victimology.

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70
Q

Briefly outline the patterns of victimisation for the following social groups:

  • Class
  • Age
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71
Q

Briefly outline the patterns of victimisation for the following social groups:

  • Ethnicity
  • Class
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72
Q

Briefly explain repeat victimisation.

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73
Q

Briefly outline some of the impacts of being a victim of crime.

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74
Q

How might crime affect those who are not direct victims?

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75
Q

Briefly explain what is meant by secondary victimsation.

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76
Q

What might be the impact of fear of victimisation.

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sociology (45 decks)

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