JKR Migration Flashcards
What is Migration?
It refers to the movement of people from place to place - this can be internal, within a society or international.
What is Immigration?
The movement INTO a society.
What is Emigration?
The movement OUT of a society.
What is Net Migration?
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.
Why do we have such a diverse society?
Before WW2 - largest immigrant group were Irish, Jews and people from Canada and USA.
1950’s - black immigrants began to arrive followed by South Asian immigrants.
By 2011, how much did ethnic minority groups account for?
14% of the population.
What came up in 1962?
Immigration and nationality acts placed severe restrictions on NON WHITE immigration.
Why is it not fair that acts were placed to make it harder for non white immigrants to enter the UK?
Because before that, most immigrants where white - not non-white.
What can be the two reasons people would emigrate from their country?
Economic PUSH factors -
unemployment at home, recession (push them away from home)
Economic PULL factors -
higher wages or better opportunities abroad (pull them towards somewhere else)
How old are the majority of people coming into the UK?
Young people - working age.
How has population size been affected by Migration?
It has been increasing.
In 2014, what were the percentages of EU citizens and Non EU citizens entering the country?
47% of immigrants were NON EU citizens.
38% were EU citizens.
What’s the difference between UK born mothers and non-UK born mothers?
Non-UK born mothers have higher births and account for 25% of all births.
How does immigration affect the age structure of the UK?
Explain the 2 factors:
It lowers the average of the population both directly and indirectly.
Directly - they are generally younger.
Indirectly - they are younger so more fertile and make more babies.
How is the dependency ratio affected by Migration: (3)
- immigrations more likely to work so helps to lower the dependency ratio.
- younger immigrants, however, means they’ll have more babies so they increase the ratio.
- the longer they stay in the country, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average so they may not even impact it.
What is Globalisation?
The idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries.
What does Globalisation result from?
The growth of global media, expansion of the EU…etc
What happened between 2000-2013?
The international migration increased by 32%.
862,000 people entered or left the UK in the same year.
Give the types of Migrants: (3)
- permanent settlers (stay forever)
- temporary workers (come for a certain time)
- spouses (wives of temporary workers)
What are the two types of FORCED migrants?
- Refugees (fleeing for their lives)
- Asylum seekers (come with no invitation and may not be allowed to stay)
What does Vertovec say Globalisation has led to?
“super diversity” - migrants now come from a much wider range of countries.
According to Cohen, what are the 3 types of migrants?
- Citizens
- Denizens
- Helots
What are Citizens?
What can they do?
Migrants with full citizenship rights (since 1970’s it has been harder for immigrants to have these rights)
- they can vote etc
What are Denizens?
Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state / highly paid employees of multinational companies.
What are Helots?
LITERALLY SLAVES.
They are used as disposable “units of labour” to do low paid, unskilled jobs.
Why is there such thing as “The Feminisation of Migration” ?
Because almost half of all global migrants are women.
What did Ehrenreich and Hochschild find?
That care work, domestic work and sex work in UK / USA is done by women from poor countries.
Why is it that women from poorer countries do more care work, domestic work and ‘sex work’? (3)
- western women less likely to do this, they have joined the labour force.
- men are less willing to do domestic labour.
- failure of the state to provide good childcare.
What did Shutes find?
That 40% of adult care nurses in the UK are female migrants. There is a global transfer of women’s emotional labour too e.g. foreign nannies.
What did Eade find about the second generation of Bangladeshi Muslims in relation to their identities?
They saw themselves as Muslim then Bengali then British.
According to Thomas Eriksen, what has created a more diverse migration pattern?
Globalisation - it means that migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging to one culture or country.
What has been heavy involved in politics?
Immigration policies as they have been linked to national security and anti terrorism policies.
What is Assimilationisn?
What’s wrong with this?
The first stage policy approach to immigration - wanted migrants to be ‘like us’ and abandon their old traditions.
This is bad as people with hybdrid identities don’t want to abandon their culture.
What is Multiculturalism?
It accepts that migrants may wish to retain a desperate cultural identity.
What is Shallow Diversity?
- is regarding chicken tikka masala as Britain’s national dish (its barely even a diverse dish because it’s western)
What is Deep Diversity?
It’s not accepting the ceiling of women and arranged marriage etc.
Who came up with the shallow and deep Diversity ideas?
Eriksen.
There has been a big move towards multiculturalism.
Since 9/11, what changed?
Many politicians have swung back demanding migrants assimilate culturally e.g. France insisting on veling the face being illegal in 2010.
What does Castles argue about assimilationalist policies?
That they mark out minority groups as ‘others’ which could generalise and anger people leading to things like Islamic Fundamentalism.
What can be caused through assimilation?
How does this relate to Capitalism?
A divided working class as it may encourage workers to blame migrants for social problems like unemployment etc
Castles and Kosack say this benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided working class and preventing a united action.
