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Biology > Organisation - Tissues, Organs And Organ Systems > Flashcards

Organisation - Tissues, Organs And Organ Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the process in which cells become specialized

A

differentiation

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2
Q

when does differentiation occur

A

development of organism

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3
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of similar cells that work togerther to carry out a particular function

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4
Q

what does the liver produce

A

bile

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5
Q

what is the thorax

A

top part of body seperTED FROM LOWER PART by the diaphram. the lungs are in the thorax and are protected by the rib cage and surrounded by the pleural membranes

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6
Q

what is the path of the air into your lungs

A

trachea which splits into 2 tubes called bronchi which split into bronchioles. the bronchioles end at small bags called alveoli

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7
Q

why does gas exchange take place

A

diffusion

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8
Q

what is breathing rate calculated in

A

breaths per minuet

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9
Q

what is the function of the circulatory system

A

food and oxygen delivery

carrys waste products like co2 and urea

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10
Q

explain the double circulatory system

A

fist circuit: right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. the blood then returns to the heart

second circuit: left ventricle pumpps oxygenated blood to organs, it gives up its oxygen and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart

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11
Q

what re the names of the arteries on the left and right side of the heart

A

right: pulmonary artery
left: aorta

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12
Q

what are the names of the veins on the left and right side of the heart

A

right: vena cava
left: pulmonary vein

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13
Q

how does the musles in the heart get its oxygen

A

coronary arteries branch of aorta and surround the heart

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14
Q

how is blood pumped into the ventricles

A

atria contract

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15
Q

how is your heartrate controlled

A

group of cells in right atrium wall that act as a pacemaker by producing small electrical impulses which spread to the surrounding muscles, causing them to contract

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16
Q

what is an artificial pacemaker

A

little device thats implanted uundwr the skin and has a wire going to the heart. produces an elecrical current

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17
Q

what are arteries

A 
blood vessels
carry blood away from the heart
high pressure
walls are strong and elastic
thick layers of muscle
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18
Q

what is the hole down the middle of a blood vessel called

A

lumen

19
Q

what are capillaries

A 
tiny
permeable walls
once cell thick
narrow
large surface area to olume ratio
20
Q

what are veins

A

lower pressure
bigger lumen
valves

21
Q

what is rate of blood flow measured in

A

ml/min

22
Q

what is blood

A

a tissue with the function to transport substances around the body

23
Q

what is blood made up of

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets which are all suspended in a liquid called plasma

24
Q

adaptations OF RED BLOOD CELLS

A

biconcave shape to give large surface area
haemoglobin which is a red pigment that carriers oxygen
dont have a nucleus

25
Q

what is the product when oxygen and haemoglobin combines

A

oxyhaemoglobin

26
Q

what are 3 things white blood cells can do

A

engulf
produce antibodies
produce antitoxins

27
Q

what do platelets do

A

fragments of cells that have no nucleus that help the blood to clot at a wound to stop you losing too much blood and stops microorganisms from getting in

28
Q

what is epidermal tissue and palisade mesophyll tissue

A

covers the whole plant and covered with a waxy cuticle to stop water loss

where most photosynthesis takes place so lots of chloroplasts and near top of leaf

29
Q

what is the spongy mesophyll tissue

A

has big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse

30
Q

what is an adaptation of the upper epidermis

A

transparent so light can pass through

31
Q

what is the meristem tissue

A

found at growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to change into lots of different types of plant cells, allowing the pant to grow

32
Q

what is the function of stomata

A

let co2 diffuse directly into the leaf and controlled by guard cells.

33
Q

what are phloem tubes, how do they work and what do they do

A

columns of elongated living cells with pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through

phloem tubes transport food from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or for storage

the process goes in both directions and is called translocation

34
Q

what are xylem tubes and what do they do

A

dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them. strengthened with a material called lignin

carry water and mineral ions up the plant. this is called the transpiration stream

35
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

loss of water from a plant

36
Q

what is the journey of transpiration

A

water inside leaf evaporates and diffuse through the stomata

this creates slight shortage of water in leaf so more water is draw up from the rest of the plant through xylem vessels
this in turn means more water is drawn up from the roots

37
Q

how does light intensity effect the rate of transpiration

A

increases rate. stomata close as its gets darker as photosynthesis cant happen in the dark. When stomata are closed, little water can escape.

38
Q

how does temperature effect the rate of transpiration

A

higher temperature increases rate as water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of stomata

39
Q

how does air flow affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

increased air flow means an increased rate of transpiration. if there is bad air flow the water vapour that surrounds a leaf doesn’t go away so their is a high concentration of water particles outside the leaf which decreases diffusion.

40
Q

how does humidity affect the rate of transpiration

A

the less humid the faster the rate because it creates a larger concentration gradient for diffusion

41
Q

how do you investigate the rate of transpiration

A

stick plant poking out boiling tube with water attached through a capillary tube into a beaker. measure how far the air bubbles moves through the capillary tube per unit of time. change variables such as light intensity and air flow and

42
Q

how do guard cells work to open and close the stomata

A

two guard cells surround each stomata. when plant has lots of water the guard cells goes turgid into a kidney shape so the stomata is open for gaseous exchange needed for photosynthesis. when plant is short of water, guard cell goes flaccid and stomata shuts.

43
Q

adaptations of guard cells

A

thin outer walls and thick inner walls
sensitive to light so close at night
more on underside of leaf because its shaded so less water will be lost

44
Q

investigating stomata and guard cells

A

epidermal tissue on slide w drop of water. estimate total number of stomata under microscope using a sample And calculating a mean. compare distribution on different areas of the leaf.

Biology (14 decks)

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