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Biology > Homeostatasis And Responce - Nervous System > Flashcards

Homeostatasis And Responce - Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Homeostasis

A

Regulation of internal conditions to maintain a stable environment, in response to internal and external changes

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2
Q

What are control systems

A

Both nervous and hormonal communication systems that regulate internal environment

All contain 3 components: receptors, coordination centres and effectors

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3
Q

What is a stimulus

A

A change in the environment you need to respond to

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4
Q

What do receptors do

A

They detect the stimulus when the level of somthing is too high or low and send this info to the coordination centre.

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5
Q

What do effectors do

A

Respond the conteract the change, bringing levels back to the optimum

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6
Q

What is the nervous system made of and why is it important

A

Neurones and allows you to react to your surroundings

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7
Q

Give some examples of receptors

A

Taste receptors on the tounge
Sound receptors in the ear
Light…
Smell..

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8
Q

What is the cns and what does it do

A

Brain and spinal cord
It’s where reflexes and actions are coordinated
Connected to the body via sensory neurones and motor neurones.

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9
Q

What are effectors

A

Muscles wich contact

Glands wich secreate hormones

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10
Q

What type of nurone carrys electrical impulses through the cns

A

Relay neurons

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11
Q

What is a synapse and how do they work

A

The connection between 2 neurones. The signal is transferred by chemicals wich diffuse across the gap. Theses chemicals set off a new electrical signal in the next neutrone.

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12
Q

What are reflexes

A

Fast automatic responses to certain stimuli that bypass your brain completely.

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13
Q

What is the passage of information called from the receptor to effector

A

Reflex arc

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of brain.

Responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

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15
Q

Medulla

A

Base of the brain, top of spinal cord

Controls unconscious activitys

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16
Q

Cerebellum

A

Back of the brain

Muscle coordination

17
Q

How do neuroscientist study patients with brain damage

A

The effect on the penitent after a certain part if the brain is damaged can tell you what that part of the brain does

18
Q

How do neuroscientist study the brain through electrical stimulation

A

Pushing a tiny electrode into the tissue and giving it a small zap if electricity. Observing what stimulating certain parts of the brain does gives you an idea of what those parts do

19
Q

MRI scans

A

Magnetic resonance imaging is a tube machine that provides a detailed picture of the brain. Can use it to find wich area of the brain are active when people are doing different things

20
Q

Why is treating the brain dangerous

A

Its complex, delicate so can cause physical damage to the brain or increased problems with brain functions

21
Q

What is the sclera

A

Tough supporting wall of eye

22
Q

What is the cornea

A

Transparent outer layer at front of eye

It retracts light into the eye

23
Q

What is the pupil

A

Hole in centre of the eye through wich light enters

24
Q

What is the iris

A

Contains musles that control diameter of the pupil

25
Q

What is the retina

A

Layer at back of eye that contains receptor cells. One sensitive to light intensity and the other to colour

26
Q

What is the lens

A

Focuses the light onto the retina

27
Q

What is the optic nearve

A

Carrie’s implises from the receptors on the retina to the brain

28
Q

What does the iris do when light intensity increases

A

The circular muscles contact and the radial musles relax

29
Q

What is accommodation

A

The reflex which gives you the ability to focus on near and distance objects. The eye focuses light on the retina by changing the shape of the lens

30
Q

What happens if you looks at a close by object

A

Ciliary musles contract
Suspensory ligaments relax
This increases the amount the light refracts so the lens is fatter.
When looking at distant objects the lens go thin and less curved

31
Q

When does long sightedness (hyperopia) occur, what is it and how can it be fixed

A

Unable to focus on near objects
Happens when lens doesn’t bend the light enough
Or the eyeball is to short
The image is brought into focus behind the retina
Convex lens to bend light outwards

32
Q

What is myopia when does it occur and how can it be fixed

A

Inability to focus on far away objects
When lens reflects light too much or eyeball is too long
Image brought into to focus in front of retina
Concave lens wich bends inwards

33
Q

What are contact lenses

A

Thin lenses that sit on surface of eye
Lightweight and almost invisible
More convenient than glasses
Soft lenses are more comfortable but carry a higher risk of infection

34
Q

What is lazer eye surgery

A

Laser used to vaporized tissue, changing the shape of the cornea. Thinning it down can make it less powerful and improve short sight
Risk of complications such as infections or the eye reacting

35
Q

What is replacement lens surgery

A

A lens made of clear plastic is put in.
Treats long sightedness
Higher risk than laser eye surgery eg possible damage to retina

36
Q

How does the body detect chang in temperature

A

Receptors in thermorengulatory centre are sensitive to temp of blood

Receptors in skin send info about skin temps via nervous impulses

37
Q

How di we respond to a change in temperature

A

Impules are send the thermoregulatory centre wich acts as the coordination centre. It triggers effectors automatically. The effectors produce a response

38
Q

What are some responses to body temp getting too high

A

Hairs in skin lie flat so their isn’t an insulating layer
Sweat is produced by glands. When it evaporates off the skin it transfers energy to the environment. Vasodilation gets the capillaries wider so more blood flows closer to the surface of the skin.

39
Q

What are some responses to a drop in body temperature

A

Hairs on skin stand up creating an insulating layer
No sweat
Vacoconstriction
Shivering to create respiration wich transfers energy to warm body

Biology (14 decks)

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