Homeostatic & Response - The Endocrine System

Question 1

what are hormones

Answer 1

chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells

Question 2

what type of glands are hormones produced and secreted by

Answer 2

endocrine glands

Question 3

why do we have a endocrine system

Answer 3

so we can react to changes in the environment and changes inside our body

Question 4

pituitary gland

Answer 4

sometimes called the master gland cus hormones rom it act on other glands

Question 5

what does the pancreas make

Answer 5

insulin which is used to regulate the blood glucose levels

Question 6

what does the thyroid make and what is it used for

Answer 6

thyroxine which regulates metabolism, heartrate and temperature

Question 7

compare the action of nerves and hormones

Answer 7

nerves are faster
nerves act for a shorter time
hormones act in a more general way where as nerves work on a precise area

Question 8

what the the process of insulin lowering blood sugar levels

Answer 8

rise in blood glucose is detected by the pancreas

pancreas produces insulin into the blood

insulin causes cells to take up more glucose

cells in liver and muscles can convert it into a storage molecule called glycogen

this causes blood glucose leel to fall

Question 9

how does glucagon increase blood sugar levels

Answer 9

pancrwase detects fall in blood glucose and produces glucagon

glucagon causes glycogen to be converted back into glucose which enters the blood and causes blood glucose to rise

Question 10

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 10

condition where pancreases produces little or no insulin so persons blood glucose can rise to a level that can kill them

Question 11

how can type one diabetes be controlled with insulin therapy

Answer 11

several injections of insulin into the blood throughout the day usually at meal times.

the amount needed depends on the persons diet and how actie they are

Question 12

how can a diet be used to control type one diabetes

Answer 12

limit intake of foods that are rich in simple carbs. spread intake of starchy food throughout the day. eat food that is absorbed more slowly

Question 13

how does regular exercise help control type one diabetes

Answer 13

lower blood glucose and increases cell metabolism

Question 14

what are the benefits of making human insulin from genetic engineering as oppose to it being extracted from the pancreases of pigs and cows

Answer 14

doesn’t cause adverse reactions.

no animals die.

Question 15

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 15

insulin resistance

Question 16

how can type 2 diabetes be controlled

Answer 16

carb controlled diet

regular exercise

Question 17

what are 2 modern type 1 diabetes treatment methods

Answer 17

pancreases transplant

resseach into artifical pancreas and stem cells could stop organ rejectionartid

Question 18

how can diabetes be tested for

Answer 18

looking for glucose in urea sample

blood test to confirm dianosiss. blood test is more reliable cus it gives current levels of glucose in the blood

Question 19

how are substances in urine filtered out if the blood

Answer 19

filtration as blood goes through the kidneys

Question 20

what is selective reabsorption

Answer 20

after filtration the right amounts of substances are filtered back into the blood

Question 21

what are 3 substances removed from the body in urine

Answer 21

excess water and ions and urea

Question 22

why does there have to be the right balance between water and ions in the blood

Answer 22

so the right amount of water is taken into the cells in osmosis

Question 23

what is deamination

Answer 23

amino acids cannot be stored can they are converted into fats and carbs in the liver which can be stored. ammonia is produced as a waste product

Question 24

ammonia is produced in deamination. what is done w it then

Answer 24

its toxic so converted to urea in the liver, then the ureA IS TRANSPORTED TO THE KIDNEYS AND FILTERED OUT OF BLOOD AND EXXTRETED

Question 25

what is the name of the structure that filtration and selective reabsorption happens in in the liver

Answer 25

tubules

Question 26

what happens if the water content in the blood becomes to low

Answer 26

brain monitors the content of the blood and see its too low. It instructs the pituitary gland to release more anti diuretic hormone so tubules become more permeable so more water is reabsorbed. this is negative feedback

Question 27

how does a dialysis machine work

Answer 27

persons blood flows along beside a partially permeable membrane surrounded by dialysis fluid. The dialysis fluid has the right concentration of dissolved ions as healthy blood

Question 28

give 5 problems w dialysis

Answer 28

3 times a week for 3 to 4 hours so not nice experience

can lead to infection and cause blood clots

patients have to be carful about what they eat so a certain ion doesn’t build up between sessions

patients have to limit their fluid intake to stop fluids building up inside them

expensive

Question 29

kidney transplants are the only cure for kidney disease but what is a problem w it and explain the problem

Answer 29

kidney can be rejected by recipients immune system

this happens when antigens on the kidney are not recognized as being part of the body by the recipients white blood cells so they produce antibodies to attack the donor cells

Question 30

how can kidney transplant rejection be prevented

Answer 30

donor with similar tissue type ( w similar antigens)

immune supressing drugs to reduce production of antibodies and white blood cells