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Biology > Infection And Responce > Flashcards

Infection And Responce Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

bacteria and their effect on the body

A

1/100th size of body cell
reproduce rapidly
make u feel ill by producing toxins that damage cells

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3
Q

viruses and their effect on the body

A

1/100th size of bacterium
not cells
can reproduce rapidly
live inside cells
replicate themselves using cells machinery
the cell then bursts releasing new viruses
cell damage make u feel ill

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4
Q

protists and their effect on the body

A

eukaryotes and mostly single celled
some are parasites
live on or inside other organisms
often transferred by vectors

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5
Q

fungi and the effect on the body

A

some single celled
others have body made of hyphae
hyphae grow and penetrate human skin
hyphae produce spores which can be spread to other organisms

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6
Q

what are the ways pathogens can be spread

A

water
air
direct contact
vectors

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7
Q

measles

A 
viral
spread through droplets in sneeze or cough
red skin rash and fever 
can be fatal e.g lead to pneumonia
most people vaccinated
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8
Q

HIV

A 
virus
spread through sexual contact and sharing needles 
flu like symptoms 
usually doesn't experience symptoms for several years
controlled by antiretroviral drug 
virus attacks immune cells
then cant fight off other disease
know as aids at this point
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9
Q

tobacco mosaic virus

A

affects plants
mosaic pattern on leaves and discolouration
this means plant cant photosynthesize
so virus effects growth

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10
Q

rose black spot

A 
fungus
purple or black spots
then turn yellow and drop off
less photosynthesis
spreads through water and wind
treated with fungicides and stripping plant of effected areas
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11
Q

malaria

A

caused by protist
vectored by mosquito
pick it up when feeding on infected animal
repeating episodes of fever
stopped by preventing mosquitoes from breeding by removing water where they breed
sleeping under mosquito nets

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12
Q

salmonella

A 
bacteria
fever, stomach cramps, vomiting diarrhoea
caused by toxins bacteria produce
food prepared in unhygienic condition
eating contaminated chickebn
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13
Q

gonorrhoea

A 
std
unprotected sex
bacteria
pain urinating 
thick yellow or green discharge
penicillin resistant 
other antibiotics
condoms
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14
Q

how can diseases be stopped from spreading

A

hygiene
destroying vectors
isolating infected individuals
vaccination

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15
Q

what are the bodies non specific defence systems

A

skin- secretes antimicrobial substances
hairs and mucus in nose trap particles
trachea and bronchi secrete mucus
stomach produces hci

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16
Q

explain phagocytosis

A

white blood cells engulf foreign cells and digest them

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17
Q

why do white blood cells produce antitoxins

A

to counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria

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18
Q

how do antibodies fight pathogens

A

pathogens have antigens of their surface
when white blood cells fin them they produce antibodies
which are proteins which lock onto the antigens
antibodies are specific to each antigen
if person is infected with same pathogen again, antibodies can rapidly be produced

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19
Q

how do vaccines work

A

injecting small amounts of deaf or inactive pathogens
they carry antigens which make ur white blood cells produce antibodies to attack them
so if real pathogens enter u can rapidaly produce antibodies

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20
Q

pros of vaccination

A

diseases that used to be a lot are now little. e.g. polio
epidemics can be prevented
ppl who are not vaccinated are less likely to get it cus there are less people to pass it on

21
Q

cons of vaccination

A 
dont always work
can be worse than disease itself
can suffer long team side effects
allergic reactions
may not have got disease anyway 
expensive
22
Q

what are pain killers

A

drugs that relieve pain
dont tackle disease
just reduce symptoms

23
Q

what are antibiotics

A

kill or prevent the growth of Bactria
different antibiotics kill different bacteria
dont destroy viruses

24
Q

antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

only non resistant strains are killed when using antibiotics
resistant strain will survive and reproduce
so population increases
and can cause serious infection
the bacteria has mutated

25
Q

how do you slow down the development of antibiotic resistance

A

avoid over prescribing antibiotics

finish whole course of antibiotics

26
Q

how do plants relate to the origins of drugs

A

plants priduce chemicals to defend themselfs
theses chemicals can be used as drugs
for exapmle aspirin came from willow and is a piankiller

27
Q

how was penicillin discovered

A

fleming nticed mould on bacertia in petri dish and the area around it was clear of bacteria

28
Q

what percentage of drugs are plant based

A

11

29
Q

why do drugs have to be tested

A

to make sure they are safe, effective and to get the right dosage

30
Q

what is the first stage of preclinical trials

A

drugs tested on human cells and tissues, however cannot see what drug does rto whole or multiple body systems

31
Q

last stage of pre clinical trials

A

animals to test efficiency and toxicity

law says must be tested on 2 different live mammals

32
Q

what happens in clinical trials

A

tested on healthy volunteers at low dosage
then on people suffering from illness
optimum dosage is found

33
Q

whats the point in placebos

A

ppl put in 2 groups where one is given drug and other a placebo. so doctor can see actual difference drug can make

34
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

neither patient or doctor knows before results have been collected

35
Q

why use a double blind trial

A

so no results are subconsciously influenced

36
Q

what went wrong with thalidomide

A

effective at relieving morning sickness in pregnant women but hadnt been tested for this use.. it passes through placenta and causes abnormal lib development in the foetuses

37
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies made

A

produced in B- lymphocytes ( a type of white blood cell)

  • mouse is injected with chosen antigen
  • B-lymphocytes taken from mouse
  • fused w tumour cell made in lab
  • this makes a hybridoma
  • which divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce monoclonal antibodies
38
Q

how do pregnancy tests work

A

the bit u wee on has antibodies on it which attach to a hormone with blue beads. the teststrip has more antibodies stuck onto it so if u have HCG in ur wee it will turn blue. this is as the urine oves up the stick carrying the hormone and beads wich bind to the antibodiy on the stip so they get stuck.

39
Q

what are the antigens on cancer cells called

A

tumour markers

40
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer

A

monoclonal antibodies are made in a lab which bind the the tumour markers of cancer cells. anticancer drugs can be attached to the antibodiy. the antibody targets the cancer cells and binds to them and then the drug can kill the cancer

41
Q

what 2 ways can monoclonal antibodies be used in labs

A

measure the levels of hormones and chemicals in the blood by binding to them
test blood samples for certain pathogens

42
Q

how can monoclonal antibodies be used to locate molecules on a cell or tissue

A

made to bind to molicule u r looking 4

then bound to fluorescent dye

43
Q

what does a lack of nitrates cause in plants

A

stunted growth

44
Q

what is chlorosis

A

plants get yellow leaves and stunted growth as they dont have enough chlorophyll due to a deficiency in magnesium ions

45
Q

what are 6 common signs of plant disease

A 
stunted growth
spots on leaves
patches of decay
abnormal growth
malformed stems and leaves
discolouration
46
Q

how can specific plant diseases be identified

A

looking up sighs in gardening manual
taking plant to a lab
using testing kits

47
Q

plant physical defences

A

waxy cuticle to stop pathogens entering
cell wall if pathogens make it past waxy cuticle
layers of dead cell around their stems

48
Q

plant chemical defences

A

antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria

poisons to deter herbivores

49
Q

plant mechanical defences

A

thorns and hairs
leaves that drop or cuel
mimic things to look like stones or look like they have already has eggs laid on them

Biology (14 decks)

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