Cell Biology - Cell Structure And Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

what are eukaryotic cells

A

animal and plant

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2
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

gel like substance where most chemical reactions happen. contains enzyme to control reactions

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3
Q

what is the cell wall made of

A

cellulose

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4
Q

what does the permanent vacuole contain

A

cell sap which is a weak solution of sugar and salt

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5
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

contains chlorophyll which absorbers light needed for photosynthesis

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6
Q

what are rings of DNA in bacteria cells called

A

plasmids

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7
Q

give example of what light microscope allows to see

A

individual cells and large sub cell structures such as the nucleus

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8
Q

give an an example of what an electron microscope allows us to see

A

internal structure of mitocndria, ribosones, plasmids

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9
Q

equation for magnification

A

image size/real size

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10
Q

order millimetre, nanometre and micrometre in descending order

A

millimetre, micrometre, nanometre

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11
Q

how do you convert micrometre to nanometre

A

x 1000

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12
Q

what is differentiation

A

the process that a cell changes to become specialised

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13
Q

what are the cells that differentiate in mature mammals usually used for

A

repair and replacement

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14
Q

how is a sperm cells specialized

A

long tail and streamline head to hep it swim

lots of mitochondria to provide energy to swim

enzymes in head to digest through cell membrane

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15
Q

how is a nerve cell adapted for its function

A

long

branched connections

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16
Q

how are muscle cells adapted for their function

A

long so they have space to contact

lots of mitochondria to provide energy for contraction

17
Q

how are root hair cells adapted for their function

A

hairs that stick out into the soil that give large surface area

18
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

23

19
Q

what are chromosomes made up of

A

long lengths of DNA which is coiled up

20
Q

what are genes

A

short sections of DNA

21
Q

what is mitosis

A

when a cells reproduces itself by splitting to produce 2 identical offspring

22
Q

what’s the point in mitosis

A

growth, development and replacing cells

23
Q

explain the growth and replication stage of mitosis

A

cell grows and increases amount if subcellular structures

duplicates DNA to form x shaped chromosomes. each arm is a duplicate of the other

24
Q

what happens during mitosis

A

chromosomes line up in centre of cell and the cell fibres pull them apart

membranes form around each sets of the chromosomes

cytoplasm and cell membrane splits

identical daughter cells are produced

25
Q

explain the process of binary fission

A

strands of dna and plasmids replicate

the stands of dna move to oppersite ends of the cell and the cytoplasm begins to divide and form a new cell wall

two daughter cells are formed w one copy of the dna stand and a random amount of plasmids

26
Q

a bacteria cell has a mean division time of 30 minuets. How many cells will it produce in 150 mins

A

150/30 = 5 divisions

2 to the power of 5 = 32 cells

27
Q

what are stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can replicate or differentiate

28
Q

where are stem cells found in adults

A

bone marrow bu these cannoot turn into any type of cell only certain ones such as red blood cells

29
Q

how can stem cells be used to treat diabetes

A

turned into insulin producing cells

30
Q

what is therapeutic cloning

A

embryo could be made to have the same genetic material as the patient so wouldn’t be rejected

31
Q

what are the risks of using stem cells in medicine

A

may be contaminated with a virus when grown in a lab

embryos are used which could be a potential human lfe

32
Q

what is an argument against not using stem cells from embryos

A

they are usually unwanted ones that wouldn’t have been used anyway.

33
Q

where are stem cells found in plants

A

meristems which is the part of the plant where growth occurs

34
Q

plant stem cells can be used for producing clones of plants quickly and cheaply which is used for:

A

growing crops that have a desired feature

growing more plants of a rare species so they dont get wiped out