Organisation Flashcards
What does the mouth do?
Chemically and physically digest the food
What does the salivary gland do?
It produces amylase to break down the food
What does the liver do?
It makes bile
What does the gall bladder do?
Store the bile
What does the stomach do?
It breaks down food with acid and enzymes
What does the pancreas do?
Releases and produces enzymes
What does the small intestine do?
The nutrients are absorbed into the blood
What does the large intestine do?
It absorbs the waste water
What does the rectum do?
Faeces is stored here
What does the anus do?
Releases the faeces when you need the toilet
What enzymes does the pancreas produce?
Protease, amylase and lipase
What does bile do?
Breaks down large globules of fat into smaller ones
What does bile do to the pH?
Bile is alkaline so it increases the pH making it right conditions for the enzymes to work
How to test for glucose?
Equal vol of benedict’s solution to the food
Heat for 5mins
If it turns red glucose is present
How to test for starch?
Add a few drops of iodine to the food sample
Shake if it turns a blue/black starch is present
How to test for proteins?
Add equal vol of biuret solution
Shake and if it turns to purple protein is present
Where can enzymes been found?
Stomach
Saliva
Small intestine
What is the dent called in an enzyme?
Active site
What is the molecule called that fits into the active site?
Substrate
What does the enzyme make the substrate do?
React creating products
What two main factors affect enzyme action?
Temperature
pH
What happens when the temperature increases too much?
The enzymes active site denatures so the substrate can’t fit into the enzyme
What happens when you increase the temperature?
The rate of the reaction increase because their is lots of kinetic energy so the enzymes and substrates collide more
What is a tissue?
A group of cells that have a similar structure and function
What is an organ?
A group of tissues that have a specific function
What is metabolism?
The sum of all reactions in a cell or in the body
How are digestive enzymes different?
The work outside of your cells
Are released from specialised cells in glands
Secreted onto food travelling through the digestive system
What is protein broken down by and into?
Broken down by protease and into amino acids
What is starch broken down by and into?
Broken down by amylase into glucose
What is fat broken down by and into?
Broken down by lipase into glycerol and fatty acids
Where is protease produced?
The stomach and pancreas
Where is amylase produced?
Pancreas and salivary gland
Where is lipase produced?
Pancreas
Name the 4 chambers in the heart
Right atrium and left atrium
Right ventricle and right ventricle
Why is the left side of the heart more muscular?
As the left side needs to contract and pump blood around the whole body
Name the three blood vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Why do we have platelets?
To help the blood clot
Why do we have white blood cells?
To help fight infection
Why do we have red blood cells?
To carry oxygen around the body
What do the arteries do?
They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to capillaries
Name an artery
Pulmonary artery
What do capillaries do?
Carry oxygenated blood from the arteries to the cells and carry deoxygenated blood from the cells to the veins
What do veins do?
Carry blood from the capillaries back to the heart and lungs
How do you work out cardiac output?
Heart rate X stroke volume
What does coronary heart disease do?
Narrows the arteries
Reduces blood flow
Reduces the amount of oxygen
Why is oxygen required?
For respiration so the heart can contract
What do faulty heart valves do?
Pressure cannot build up in the chambers
The heart must work harder
Blood may backflow or clot
Can cause strokes
Name some heart treatments
Artificial pacemaker
Stents
Statins
Valve replacements
What is breathing?
Ventilation NOT RESPIRATION
What is ventilation?
The process of inspiration and expiration
Describe inspiration
Ribs pull up and out
Volume of chest increases and diaphragm contracts
Increased volume lower pressure
Pressure is now less than outside of the lungs
Drawing air into the lungs
The lungs inflate
Describe expiration
Ribs move down and inwards Decrease volume and diaphragm relaxes Decreased volume increases pressure Pressure is now greater outside the lungs Air is forced out of the lungs Lungs deflate
What is health?
The state of physical and mental well being
What are the risks factors of health?
Diet
Stress
Lifestyle
Exercise
What is cancer caused by?
Uncontrollable cell growth and division
What is a benign tumour?
This tumour stays in one place rather than invading other parts of the body
What is a malignant tumour?
Cells can break off and invade other healthy tissues
What is the risk factor of skin cancer?
Sun
What is the risk factor of lung cancer?
Smoking
What is risk factor of breast cancer?
Women
What is the risk factor of cervical cancer?
Smoking
What is the risk factor of testicular cancer?
Smoking
What is the risk factor of brain tumours?
Age, alcohol
