Disease Flashcards
What is an communicable disease?
A disease that can be spread caused by pathogens
What is a pathogen?
A microbe that causes disease
What is a non-communicable disease?
It cannot be spread from one person to another
Name some communicable diseases
HIV/ AIDS
Flu
Tuberculosis
Name some non-communicable diseases
Lung cancer
Heart disease
Diabetes
How can disease be spread?
Insects Animal bites The air Direct contact Bodily fluids Food and water
Name some non specific responses
Tears contain salt
Eyelashes stop dust or muck getting in
Platelets help blood to clot
Stomach contains acid
Name the tow types of white blood cells
Lymphocytes
Phagocytes
What do phagocytes do?
They engulf the pathogen and break it down with enzymes into harmless pieces
What do lymphocytes do?
They detect the antigens and produce antibodies which are complementary to antigens and break it down
What is immunity?
Not being able to catch a certain disease because you already have the correct antibodies
What is a vaccine?
A dead or inactive form of a pathogen
What is herd immunity?
Al of the population is vaccinated
Why do communicable diseases spread faster?
Lack of medication, money, food, hygiene
What are some viral infections?
HIV, chicken pox, measles and tobacco mosaic virus
Are viruses smaller than bacteria?
Yes
How do viruses work?
The virus attaches to the cell
The virus takes over the host cell organelles
Virus makes hundreds of copies
The virus copies fill the whole host cell and burst open
Viruses the enter the blood and attach to a new cell
How does bacteria make us ill?
They release toxins or poisons
What are some diseases caused by bacteria?
Cholera
Food poisoning
Gonorrhoea
What is gonorrhoea?
A std caused by bacteria
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Green or yellow discharge from the vagina or penis
How to prevent gonorrhoea?
Condoms
What is salmonella?
Food poisoning spread by bacteria ingested food
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
Fever
Abdominal pains
Vomiting
How to prevent salmonella?
Washing hands before and after
What disease is caused by fungi?
Rose black spot
What does rose black spot do to plants?
It causes black or purple spots
Leaves to drop
Stunted growth
Reduces photosynthesis
How is rose black spot spread?
By water and the wind
How can rose black spot be treated?
By fungicides
What are protists?
Single celled organisms
What disease does protists cause?
Malaria caused by protists that live in the blood
What is a vector?
An organism that spreads disease, rather than causing it themselves
What is medicine?
A chemical substance that is used in the diagnosis, care, treatment and prevention of disease
What is the problem with using lots of antibiotics?
Because it becomes less effective since the bacteria becomes resistant
What is a drug?
A substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions.
Why is there steps in drug development?
To check if they are effective
Not harmful
Required dose
Successfully removed from the body
What is step one?
Researchers target a particular disease and make lots of possible drug
What is step two?
The drug is tested in a lab on cells and tissues for toxicity
What is step three?
Tested on the animal for any side effects and how they work in the body
What is step four?
It is tested on healthy people and patients who volunteer to be tested
What is step four part 2?
Tried on a small number of patients to check it treats a disease
What is step five?
Tested on a larger clinical trial and also use a control group and compare to experiment group
Why do they use monoclonal antibodies?
They are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and are able to target specific chemical or cells in the body
How do they create monoclonal antibodies?
Scientists expose a mouse to cancer and inject another mouse with antigens
These are fused together and become a hybridoma
Cells are separated and cultured
Cells are humanised
Pros and cons of monoclonal antibodies
Help treat disease
Identify pathogens
Body may reject them
Tested on animal
Uses of monoclonal antibodies
Diagnosing cancer
Attaching markers to molecules
Measure hormone levels
Pregnancy tests
How do they diagnose cancer?
Bind to specific antigens and also carry markers to make it easier to see
What do they do in pregnancy tests?
Bind to the hormone (HCG) that are made in the early stages of pregnancy found in tiny amounts of hormone are passed in the urine
How do they detect hormones in the blood?
Used in hospitals and labs to monitor chemicals and hormones
How do they locate specific molecules?
They produce the monoclonal antibodies linked to the molecule of fluorescent dye so when they bind you can see the molecules
How do they treat cancer?
Trigger the immune system to attack the cancer cells
Use them to block receptors on the surface of cancer cells so it will stop growing
Carry toxic and radioactive drugs
