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Triple science > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be spread caused by pathogens

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe that causes disease

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3
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

It cannot be spread from one person to another

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4
Q

Name some communicable diseases

A

HIV/ AIDS
Flu
Tuberculosis

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5
Q

Name some non-communicable diseases

A

Lung cancer
Heart disease
Diabetes

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6
Q

How can disease be spread?

A 
Insects
Animal bites
The air
Direct contact
Bodily fluids
Food and water
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7
Q

Name some non specific responses

A

Tears contain salt
Eyelashes stop dust or muck getting in
Platelets help blood to clot
Stomach contains acid

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8
Q

Name the tow types of white blood cells

A

Lymphocytes

Phagocytes

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9
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

They engulf the pathogen and break it down with enzymes into harmless pieces

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10
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

They detect the antigens and produce antibodies which are complementary to antigens and break it down

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11
Q

What is immunity?

A

Not being able to catch a certain disease because you already have the correct antibodies

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12
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A dead or inactive form of a pathogen

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13
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Al of the population is vaccinated

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14
Q

Why do communicable diseases spread faster?

A

Lack of medication, money, food, hygiene

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15
Q

What are some viral infections?

A

HIV, chicken pox, measles and tobacco mosaic virus

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16
Q

Are viruses smaller than bacteria?

A

Yes

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17
Q

How do viruses work?

A

The virus attaches to the cell
The virus takes over the host cell organelles
Virus makes hundreds of copies
The virus copies fill the whole host cell and burst open
Viruses the enter the blood and attach to a new cell

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18
Q

How does bacteria make us ill?

A

They release toxins or poisons

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19
Q

What are some diseases caused by bacteria?

A

Cholera
Food poisoning
Gonorrhoea

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20
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

A std caused by bacteria

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Green or yellow discharge from the vagina or penis

22
Q

How to prevent gonorrhoea?

A

Condoms

23
Q

What is salmonella?

A

Food poisoning spread by bacteria ingested food

24
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever
Abdominal pains
Vomiting

25
Q

How to prevent salmonella?

A

Washing hands before and after

26
Q

What disease is caused by fungi?

A

Rose black spot

27
Q

What does rose black spot do to plants?

A

It causes black or purple spots
Leaves to drop
Stunted growth
Reduces photosynthesis

28
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

By water and the wind

29
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

By fungicides

30
Q

What are protists?

A

Single celled organisms

31
Q

What disease does protists cause?

A

Malaria caused by protists that live in the blood

32
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organism that spreads disease, rather than causing it themselves

33
Q

What is medicine?

A

A chemical substance that is used in the diagnosis, care, treatment and prevention of disease

34
Q

What is the problem with using lots of antibiotics?

A

Because it becomes less effective since the bacteria becomes resistant

35
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions.

36
Q

Why is there steps in drug development?

A

To check if they are effective
Not harmful
Required dose
Successfully removed from the body

37
Q

What is step one?

A

Researchers target a particular disease and make lots of possible drug

38
Q

What is step two?

A

The drug is tested in a lab on cells and tissues for toxicity

39
Q

What is step three?

A

Tested on the animal for any side effects and how they work in the body

40
Q

What is step four?

A

It is tested on healthy people and patients who volunteer to be tested

41
Q

What is step four part 2?

A

Tried on a small number of patients to check it treats a disease

42
Q

What is step five?

A

Tested on a larger clinical trial and also use a control group and compare to experiment group

43
Q

Why do they use monoclonal antibodies?

A

They are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and are able to target specific chemical or cells in the body

44
Q

How do they create monoclonal antibodies?

A

Scientists expose a mouse to cancer and inject another mouse with antigens
These are fused together and become a hybridoma
Cells are separated and cultured
Cells are humanised

45
Q

Pros and cons of monoclonal antibodies

A

Help treat disease
Identify pathogens
Body may reject them
Tested on animal

46
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Diagnosing cancer
Attaching markers to molecules
Measure hormone levels
Pregnancy tests

47
Q

How do they diagnose cancer?

A

Bind to specific antigens and also carry markers to make it easier to see

48
Q

What do they do in pregnancy tests?

A

Bind to the hormone (HCG) that are made in the early stages of pregnancy found in tiny amounts of hormone are passed in the urine

49
Q

How do they detect hormones in the blood?

A

Used in hospitals and labs to monitor chemicals and hormones

50
Q

How do they locate specific molecules?

A

They produce the monoclonal antibodies linked to the molecule of fluorescent dye so when they bind you can see the molecules

51
Q

How do they treat cancer?

A

Trigger the immune system to attack the cancer cells
Use them to block receptors on the surface of cancer cells so it will stop growing
Carry toxic and radioactive drugs

Triple science (8 decks)

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