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Triple science > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment

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2
Q

What are the main factors our bodies control?

A

Water levels
Temperature
Glucose concentration

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3
Q

What is a somatic (voluntary) nervous system?

A

It is conscious it involves the brain

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4
Q

What is an autonomic (involuntary) nervous system?

A

It is subconscious reflexes

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5
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Involuntary responses to a stimuli

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6
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A reflex arc is the nerve pathway that bypasses the conscious part of the brain

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7
Q

What is an example of a reflex?

A

Breathing
Dropping a hot object
Increasing your heart rate

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8
Q

How does a reflex work?

A

The receptor, skin cells, detect a stimuli (heat)
Sensory neurone sends an electrical message to the CNS (spinal cord)
Relay neurone passes the message to the motor neurone
Motor neurone passes the electrical message to the effector
The organ is stimulated to respond.

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9
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is a chemical reaction that occurs continually in every cell in the body

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10
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen ——-> energy + carbon dioxide + water

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11
Q

What is the symbol equation for respiration?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ——-> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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12
Q

What type of cells do not respire at the same rates of others?

A

Sperm cells have high levels of respiration as they have a very active job so they contain lots of mitochondria

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13
Q

Why do fat cells have a low level of respiration?

A

As it has a low active job and doesn’t contain mitochondria

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14
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration without oxygen

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15
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose ——–> lactic acid + small amount of energy

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16
Q

What does the liver do to lactic acid?

A

It converts it into glucose

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17
Q

How does lactic acid get into the liver?

A

Through the blood

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18
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with lactic acid and remove it from cells

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19
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells

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20
Q

What can fermentation be used for?

A

To make alcohol and bread

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21
Q

What does anaerobic respiration make the blood?

A

Acidic

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22
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body

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23
Q

Why is metabolism important?

A 
Because it includes:
Respiration
The use of glucose and nitrate to form amino acids
Conversion of glucose top carbohydrase
Formation of lipid molecules
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24
Q

What factors effect metabolism?

A 
Age
Activity level
Genetic traits
Gender
Proportion of muscle to fat
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25
Q

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

A

Consciousness
Intelligence
Memory
Language

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26
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Muscular activity (movement) and balance

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27
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

In the base of the brain

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28
Q

What is the medulla responsible for?

A

All unconscious activities:
Heart rate
Breathing
Digestion

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29
Q

Where is the cerebrum located?

A

In the front of the brain

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30
Q

What does the iris do?

A

Controls the size of the pupil

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31
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

Let light into the eye and focuses it on the retina

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32
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Focuses light on the retina

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33
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Sends messages received by the light receptors in the brain

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34
Q

What does the retina do?

A

Light sensitive cells are found

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35
Q

What do the muscles and ligaments do?

A

Controls the shape of the lens

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36
Q

What does the sclera do?

A

Protects the eyeball from damage

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37
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

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38
Q

How does the eye focus on a distant object?

A

The ciliary muscles relax
The suspensory ligaments are pulled tight
The lens pulled thin
Light rays are only slightly refracted

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39
Q

How does the eye focus on a near object?

A

The ciliary muscles contract
The suspensory ligaments loosen
The lens thickens
Light rays are refracted strongly

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40
Q

What happens in bright light?

A

Circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax

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41
Q

What happens in dim light?

A

Circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract

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42
Q

What eye treatments can u get?

A

Hard and soft contact lens
Laser surgery to change the shape of the cornea
A replacement of the lens

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43
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature

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44
Q

What is your body’s core internal temperature?

A

37degrees

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45
Q

Why do you sweat?

A

Because the evaporation of it takes heat with it

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46
Q

Why do your hairs lie flat when your warn?

A

As more heat can be lost as there isn’t a layer of insulation

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47
Q

Why do you shiver?

A

As your muscles contract to release heat

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48
Q

Why do your hairs stand up when your cold?

A

Because it traps a layer of air round your body acting as insulation

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49
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When you are too hot, blood vessels widen so blood flow is redirected so heat can escape

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50
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When you are cold, blood vessels become narrow so less blood flows through so less blood reaches the surface and less heat can be lost via radiation

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51
Q

What happens when you are too cold?

A

Enzymes lack kinetic energy

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52
Q

What happens if your too hot?

A

Enzymes denature

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53
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

It is a number of glands which secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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54
Q

What is the pituitary gland knows as?

A

The master gland because it coordinates the other glands

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55
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Lowers blood sugar levels

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56
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Increases blood sugar levels

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57
Q

How does the body decrease blood sugar levels?

A

The pancreas releases insulin into the blood
Cells use glucose to make more energy
Excess glucose is absorbed and stored by the liver and muscle cells
It is converted into glucagon

58
Q

How does the body increase blood sugar levels?

A

The pancreas releases glucagon into the blood

Excess glycogen stored by the liver and muscle cells are converted to glucose

59
Q

Describe type one diabetes

A

It is childhood onset and is when they do not produce enough insulin so they have uncontrolled high blood sugar levels

60
Q

How is type one diabetes controlled?

A

2-4 time a day of insulin injections

61
Q

What is hyperglycaemic?

A

Blood glucose levels are too high

62
Q

What is hypoglycaemic?

A

Blood glucose levels are too low

63
Q

Describe type two diabetes?

A

Develops in adulthood and is when cells no longer respond to insulin, it is caused by obesity

64
Q

How is type two diabetes controlled?

A

More exercise and fewer carbohydrates

65
Q

What are the kidneys responsible for?

A

Controlling water and ion levels in our body

66
Q

What is selective reabsorption?

A

The reabsorption of certain molecules back into the blood

67
Q

How does a healthy kidney produce urine?

A 
The kidney filters the blood
Proteins are large so they remain in the blood
Glucose is small so it is all reabsorbed
Reabsorbs some ions and water
Releases urea into the urine
Goes to be stored in the bladder
68
Q

How is urea made?

A

Amino acids in the liver are deaminated to form ammonia. It is toxic so it is immediately converted to urea for safe excretion

69
Q

What does the hormone ADH control?

A

The amount of water reabsorbed by our kidneys

70
Q

What is ADH secreted by?

A

Pituitary gland

71
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Makes membranes of the kidney tubules ore permeable causing more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood

72
Q

How is water reabsorbed by our kidneys?

A

Hypothalamus detects too little water
Pituitary gland secrets ADH
Walls of kidney becomes more permeable so water returns to the blood via osmosis
Less water in the urine (more concentrated)

73
Q

What are the primary the characteristics you are born with?

A

Ovaries in females

Testes in males

74
Q

Name some physical changes you go through during puberty

A

Males- voice breaks, Adams apple, shoulders widen

Females- hips widen, develop breasts

75
Q

Name some hormonal changes you go through during puberty

A

Males- sperm

Females- menstruation begins, mood swings

76
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

77
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen

78
Q

What is ovulation?

A

An egg is released every 12-16th day

79
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The regular natural changes that occurs in the uterus and ovaries that make pregnancy possible

80
Q

What happens in the menstrual cycle?

A

Egg matures in the ovary
Uterus lining thickens
12-16th day one egg is released
After 14 days if the egg is not fertilised the uterus lining is shed

81
Q

What is the average day of ovulation?

A

14

82
Q

What are the menstruation days?

A

1-7

83
Q

What days does the egg mature?

A

8-10

84
Q

What are the ovulation days?

A

11-18

85
Q

On days 19-28 what happens?

A

The egg waits to be fertilised and the lining of the uterus thickens

86
Q

What happens to hormone levels during the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH is secreted from the pituitary gland
FSH stimulates the secretion of oestrogen from the ovaries
Increased levels of oestrogen inhibits FSH and stimulates the release of LH
LH levels drop and progestogen increases
Progesterone inhibits FSH and LH

87
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

88
Q

Where is FSH secreted from?

A

Pituitary gland

89
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes the egg to mature

90
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinising hormone

91
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates the release of the egg during ovulation

92
Q

What does oestrogen and progestogen do?

A

Stimulate the build up and maintenance of the uterus lining

93
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

Oestrogen

94
Q

What does oestrogen inhibit?

A

FSH

95
Q

What does oestrogen stimulate?

A

LH

96
Q

What does progesterone inhibit?

A

FSH and LH

97
Q

List hormonal contraceptives

A

Oral
Implant
Intrauterine devices
Skin patch

98
Q

List non hormonal contraceptives

A 
Surgical male or female sterilisation
Condoms
Diaphragm or cap placed over the cervix
Spermicides
Abstaining from intercourse
99
Q

What is a positive and negative of a condom?

A

P- prevents the spread of STDs

N- easily break

100
Q

What is a positive and negative of an intrauterine device?

A

P- very effective and last up to 5 years

N- Can cause period problems or infections

101
Q

What is a positive and negative of the contraceptive pill?

A

P- very easy to use

N- has side effects

102
Q

What is a positive and negative of a spermicide?

A

P- very available

N- Not very effective

103
Q

What two hormones are used in IVF?

A

FSH and LH

104
Q

Explain what happens in IVF

A

The mother is given FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of an egg
Eggs are collected and fertilised by the father
Develop into embryos
One or two embryos are inserted into the womb
Spare embryos are frozen for the future or donated to other couples

105
Q

Economic problems of IVF

A

Very expensive

Low success rate

106
Q

Religion problems of IVF

A

Embryos are destroyed if not used
Playing God?
Life begins at conception?

107
Q

Moral/social problems of IVF

A

Cause the mother distress

Multiple embryos inserted increase the chance of multiple births

108
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Initiating corrective mechanisms whenever the internal environment deviates from its normal or acceptable level

109
Q

What is the negative feedback loop for when thyroxine is low?

A

Sensors in the brain detect a decrease in thyroxine levels
Pituitary gland releases thyroid stimulating hormone
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine
Levels rise

110
Q

What is the negative feedback loop for when thyroxine is high?

A

Sensors n the brain detect increased thyroxine levels
Pituitary gland releases less thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid gland secrets less thyroxine
Levels decrease

111
Q

What is adrenaline an example of?

A

A hormone that DOES NOT involve a negative feedback mechanism

112
Q

Where is adrenaline secreted from?

A

Adrenal gland

113
Q

What does adrenaline help your body to do?

A

Increase heart and breathing rate
Cause pupils to dilate
Increase mental awareness

114
Q

Why is temperature important?

A

Stops the denaturing of vital enzymes

115
Q

Why are water levels important?

A

Cells may shrivel or burst

116
Q

Why is heart rate important?

A

Meet respiratory needs, repay oxygen debts, breakdown toxic waste products

117
Q

Why is thyroxine/metabolism important?

A

Growth and repair

118
Q

Why is blood sugar important?

A

Maintain water potentials and meet respiratory needs

119
Q

What is a growth hormone in a plant called?

A

Auxins

120
Q

What do auxins do?

A

Coordinate responses

Control growth

121
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A directional growth response causing movement of part of an organism

122
Q

What is the three main tropisms?

A

Phototropism: response to light
Hydrotropism: response to water
Gravitropism: response to gravity

123
Q

When a shoot grows up what type of tropisms is there?

A

Negative gravitropism
Positive phototropism
Negative hydrotropism

124
Q

When roots grow down what type what type of tropisms is there?

A

Positive gravitropism
Negative phototropism
Positive hydrotropism

125
Q

Where are auxins produced?

A

Apical meristem

126
Q

What do auxins cause?

A

Cell elongation

127
Q

How does cell elongation occur?

A

Auxins are evenly distributed so the shoot grow up
Auxins move to shaded area
Unequal growth causes shoot to elongate towards the sun

128
Q

What happens once the light falls evenly on the shoot?

A

Auxins then distribute evenly again

129
Q

What as the control variable in the plant hormone practical?

A

Number of seeds
Type of seeds
Volume of water
Temperature

130
Q

What as the independent variable in the plant hormone practical?

A

The amount of light

131
Q

What as the dependant variable in the plant hormone practical?

A

The growth of seedlings (height)

132
Q

How to investigate the effect of light intensity on growth of seedlings

A

3 petri dishes with cotton wool, 10 mustard seeds and 10cm3 of water
1 petri dish at the window (in full light)
1 petri dish in a dark cupboard
1 petri dish on the desk (out of direct sunlight)

133
Q

What are auxins used for?

A

Weed killers
Rooting powders
Promoting growth in tissue culture

134
Q

What is tissue culture?

A

The growth of tissues or cells separate from the organism

135
Q

How do weed killers work?

A

Spray auxins onto plant
Auxins are absorbed
Uncontrolled growth occurs
Plant dies

136
Q

How do you get tissue culture?

A 
Take a cutting from a plant with desired features
Cut end is dipped in rooting powder
Hormone stimulates growth of new roots
Helps to grow into a new plant
Helps gardeners and horticulturists
137
Q

What are gibberellins used for?

A

End seed dormancy
Promote flowering
Increase fruit size

138
Q

What is ethene used for?

A

In the food industry to control ripening of fruit

139
Q

What are the advantages of using ethene?

A

Harvest fruit when it’s not ripe
Less likely damage during travel if unripe
Don’t arrive over ripe
Less waste = less money lost

140
Q

What are the disadvantages of using ethene?

A

Temperature not controlled can affect ripening process
Different preferences to fruit ripening
Too ripe may increase waste

141
Q

What are the advantages of using gibberellins?

A

Produce food quicker as ends seed dormancy
Increased flowering all year round
More money earned
Increase growth of seedless fruit

142
Q

What are the disadvantages of gibberellins?

A

End dormancy too early will not develop
All year round flowering may interfere with food web/ecosystem
Possibility of increased waste

Triple science (8 decks)

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