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Triple science > Inheritance, Variation and Evolution > Flashcards

Inheritance, Variation and Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does meiosis work?

A

Parent cell
Chromosomes duplicate to make identical copies of themselves
Similar chromosomes pair up and line up along the equator
Sections of DNA are swapped
Cell wall and cytoplasm divides
Chromosomes divide into gametes

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2
Q

What are the factors of sexual reproduction?

A

Two parents
Fusion of gametes
Mixture of genetic information
Offspring are genetically different

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3
Q

What are the factors of asexual reproduction?

A

One parent
No fusion of gametes
No mixture of DNA
Offspring are genetically identical

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4
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Offspring are genetically different

If environment changes more organisms are likely to survive

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Needs two parents
Time and energy used to find a mate
Offspring harder to form

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6
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Many offspring produced
One parent needed
No time and energy needed for a mate

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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Less variation

If environment changes more organisms will likely die

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8
Q

When does asexual reproduction occur in plants?

A

When they grow new stems called runners

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9
Q

When does sexual reproduction occur in plants?

A

When male gamete (pollen) join to female ovules

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10
Q

How does malaria reproduce?

A

Reproduces asexually inside of a human

Reproduces sexually inside pf a mosquito

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11
Q

How does fungi reproduce asexually?

A

Spores land elsewhere and grow

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12
Q

How does fungi reproduce sexually?

A

Extensions from one fungi to another and share DNA

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13
Q

What is DNA?

A

The genetic material inside a nucleus of a cell

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14
Q

What does DNA carry?

A

The genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all living organisms

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15
Q

What are DNA strands?

A

Polymers made up of lots of repeating units called nucleotides

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16
Q

What does an individual nucleotide made up of?

A

Phosphate
Base
Deoxyribose sugar

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17
Q

What do the bases do?

A

They join to a base on the opposite strand of the helix

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18
Q

What are the four bases?

A

A
T
C
G

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19
Q

What does A join to?

A

T

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20
Q

What does C join to?

A

G

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21
Q

What does the order of bases in a gene decide?

A

The order of amino acids in a protein

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22
Q

How many bases does one amino acid code for?

A

3

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23
Q

What do amino acids form and why is this important?

A

Form proteins which determine your physical characteristics

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24
Q

What can the genome be used for?

A

Identify and find genes linked to diseases
Understand how to treat inherited diseases
Trace human migration patterns

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25
Q

What is the genome?

A

The entire genetic material of that organism

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26
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

In the cell cytoplasm on ribosomes

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27
Q

How do ribosomes make protein?

A

They use code from the DNA

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28
Q

How does the ribosome get DNA from the nucleus?

A

They use a molecule called mRNA as it is small enough to leave the nucleus

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29
Q

How are proteins made using mRNA?

A 
DNA unzips to expose bases
mRNA makes template of the DNA
Moves out of nucleus
tRNA (found in cytoplasm) attaches to amino acids to bring them to them ribosome
tRNA attaches to mRNA
Order they join are dictated by the DNA
Forms protein
Protein detaches and folds into specific shape
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30
Q

What are three amino acids called?

A

Codon

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31
Q

What is a chain of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptide chain

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32
Q

What happens if the base sequence changes?

A

Change in order of bases
Changes amino acid coded for
Changes the proteins made
Protein may not fold correctly

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33
Q

How does a mutation affect an enzyme?

A 
Change in amino acids
Changes the way the protein folds
Active site changes
No longer complementary
Enzyme will become denatured
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34
Q

What is deletion?

A

When a base is taken away

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35
Q

What is insertion?

A

When a base is inserted

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36
Q

What is substitution?

A

When a base is replaced by another

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37
Q

What does non-coding DNA do and what are they called?

A

Switch genes on and off and are called stop codons

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38
Q

How does changes in stop codons affect genes?

A

How genes are expressed

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39
Q

What can alleles be?

A

Dominant or recessive

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40
Q

What do you need to express a dominant trait?

A

Only need to receive one dominant allele

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41
Q

What do you need to express a recessive trait?

A

You need two recessive alleles

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42
Q

What would happen if you had one of each?

A

The dominant one would be expressed

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43
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

2 alleles present are different

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44
Q

What is homozygous?

A

2 alleles present are the same

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45
Q

What is genotype?

A

The alleles you have

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46
Q

What is phenotype?

A

What you look like (visible characteristics)

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47
Q

What are genetic crosses used for?

A

To show the potential offspring that might result from 2 known parents

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48
Q

How do you get the F2 generation?

A

Taken from the first offspring

49
Q

What are the male chromosomes?

A

XY

50
Q

What are the female chromosomes?

A

XX

51
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

52
Q

What causes variation?

A

Genes inherited
Environmental influence
Combination of both

53
Q

What influences the development of the phenotype of an organism?

A

Genome

Its interaction with the environment

54
Q

What is Darwin’s theory?

A

Individuals with characteristics that make them better suited/adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

55
Q

What did Darwin notice?

A

Variation in species means individuals have different characteristics

56
Q

What did Darwin say about those best adapted?

A

They are more likely to reproduce and pass on favourable characteristics

57
Q

What did Darwin say about those that cannot adapt quick enough?

A

Would eventually become extinct

58
Q

What did Darwin call this process?

A

Natural selection or survival of the fittest

59
Q

What did Darwin define evolution as?

A

A population would gradually change over many generations

60
Q

Why does evolution occur?

A

Due to a random genetic mutation

61
Q

Why was Darwin’s idea not accepted?

A

Challenged idea of God as creator
Insufficient evidence to support his theory
Mechanisms of inheritance (genes) were only discovered 50 years later

62
Q

What did Lamarck think?

A

Organisms changed over time and these changes were caused by the environment

63
Q

What did Lamarck propose?

A

The ay an organism behaved affected the features of their body

64
Q

What did Lamarck think if an animal used a feature a lot?

A

This feature would grow and develop and would be passed to its offspring

65
Q

What is isolation?

A

Where a population of a species are separated

66
Q

Why does isolation happen?

A

Due to a physical barrier, floods or earthquakes can geographically isolate some individuals from the main population

67
Q

What will the conditions be like on either side of the barrier?

A

Different eg. climate

68
Q

What happens if the environment is different?

A

Different characteristics will become more common in each population due to natural selection operating differently

69
Q

What will eventually happen to each population?

A

Individuals from different populations will have changed so much they cannot breed with each other to pass on fertile offspring

70
Q

Who was Wallace?

A

Early scientist to work on the idea of speciation
Contributed to how we understand speciation today
Came up with natural selection and published with Darwin

71
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A genetic disorder of the cell membranes

72
Q

What does cystic fibrosis cause?

A

Body produces thick sticky mucus in the air passages and in the pancreas

73
Q

What is the allele that causes cystic fibrosis?

A

A recessive allele

74
Q

What does it mean because the allele is recessive?

A

People with only one copy of the allele won’t have the disorder but they will be a carrier

75
Q

What must have happen for a child to have cystic fibrosis?

A

Both parents must be carrier or have the disorder

76
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

A genetic disorder where a baby is born with extra fingers or toes

77
Q

What is polydactyly caused by?

A

A dominant allele so it can be inherited if only one parent carries it

78
Q

What does it mean if the parents has polydactyly?

A

They will also have it as it is a dominant allele

79
Q

Why do organisms become extinct?

A 
Environment changes too quickly
New predator
New disease
Can't compete with another species for food
Catastrophic event (volcanic eruption)
80
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

When humans artificially select plants or animals to breed so that the genes are particular for characteristics

81
Q

Why are organisms selectively bred?

A

To develop features that are useful or attractive

82
Q

What is the process for selective breeding?

A

Select the organisms with the characteristics your after
Breed them with each other
Select best offspring and breed them
Continue process over several generations till desirable trait gets stronger

83
Q

What is the main problem with selective breeding?

A

Reduces the gene pool because the farmer keeps breeding from the best animals which are closely related

84
Q

What can inbreeding cause and why?

A

Health problems because there’s more a chance of the organisms inheriting harmful genetic defects when the gene pool is limited

85
Q

What can also happen with selective breeding if a new disease appears?

A

There’s not much variation so if one of them gets killed by the disease the rest of them likely will as well

86
Q

What is the process of genetic engineering?

A

Useful gene is isolated from an organism’s genome using enzymes
Inserted into a vector
Vector is introduced to the target organism
Useful genes inserted into its cells

87
Q

What is the vector usually?

A

Virus or a bacterial plasmid

88
Q

What has bacteria been genetically modified to produce?

A

Human insulin to treat diabetes

89
Q

What happens if the gene is transferred when the organism is at an early stage of development?

A

Organism develops with the characteristic coded by its gene

90
Q

What do some people worry about genetic engineering?

A

Long term effects- will it create unplanned problems for future generations

91
Q

What are the pros of GM crops?

A

Increase the yield
Engineered with more nutrients for developing countries
Grown without problems
Longer shelf life

92
Q

What are the cons of GM crops?

A

Affect number of wild flowers so reduce biodiversity
People may develop allergies
Transplanted genes ay spread to other plants, eg. herbicide to weeds

93
Q

What is the process of cuttings for cloning plants?

A

Find a suitable shoot on the parent cell and cut it off
Dip in rooting powder
Push into a pot of compost and keep moist

94
Q

What are the advantages of cuttings for cloning plants?

A

Low cost
Greater crop yield at faster rate
Clone plants that have a resistant gene to a disease
Desirable characteristics

95
Q

What is the process of tissue culture for cloning plants?

A

Small group of cells taken from a plant to grow identical plants
Preserve rare species
Nurseries are able to grow many identical plants

96
Q

What is the process of embryo transplant?

A

Sperm is taken from bull that has a high dairy yield
Cow is artificially inseminated
Zygotes develop into embryo
Removed from cow’s uterus
Embryos split into smaller embryos before cells differentiate
Identical embryos are inserted into surrogates

97
Q

What are the advantages of embryo transplant?

A 
Produce bigger yield eg. milk
Desirable features
Multiple births (high yield)
98
Q

What are the disadvantages of embryo transplant?

A

All will carry genetic defects

Small gene pool

99
Q

What is the process of adult cell cloning?

A 
Body cell taken from sheep
Egg cell taken from another sheep
DNA extracted from body cell
Nucleus removed from egg cell
Fused together
Electric shock starts egg to divide 
Cells become an embryo
Lamb is a clone of sheep 1
100
Q

What are the advantages of cloning?

A 
Large number of identical offspring
Desirable features
Quick
Cheap
Saves animals from extinction
101
Q

What are the disadvantages of cloning?

A

All may die to new disease/changes in environment
Small gene pool
Any genetic defects will be passed on to all offspring
Ethical objections

102
Q

How do fossils form via gradual replacement by minerals?

A

Bones are replaced by minerals as they decay
Form a rock like substance like the original shape
Surrounding sediment turns to rock
Fossil stays distinct

103
Q

How do fossils form casts and impressions?

A

Buried in a soft material like clay
Clay hardens and the organism decays
Leaves a cast

104
Q

Why do animals not decay in certain places?

A

In amber and tar no oxygen so no decay microbes
Glaciers too cold for decay microbes
Peat bogs too acidic for decay microbes

105
Q

How is antibiotic bacteria caused?

A

Random mutations lead to changes in bacteria characteristics
Leads to antibiotic resistant strains forming as the gene is more common

106
Q

What does bacteria have if it is antibiotic resistant?

A

Big advantage as it is able to survive so it reproduces longer, increasing population size of strain

107
Q

Why is antibiotic resistant strains a problem?

A

Because they can’t be treated so it easily spreads between people

108
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Relatively common superbug

109
Q

Why is antibiotic resistant getting worse?

A

Due to overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics for non-serious conditions

110
Q

What causes the resistance?

A

Not the antibiotic but they create a situation where naturally resistant bacteria have an advantage so increase in numbers

111
Q

What does taking the full curse of antibiotics makes sure?

A

All bacteria is destroyed so none is left to mutate

112
Q

How can antibiotic resistance spread?

A

Used in farming to prevent animals from becoming ill and to make them grow faster which can lead to resistance and humans can ingest them

113
Q

What are the five groups?

A 
Mammals
Bird
Reptiles
Fish 
Amphibians
114
Q

What must an animal have to be a mammal?

A

Fur/hair

Produce milk

115
Q

What must an animal have to be a bird?

A

Feathers

Beaks

116
Q

What must an animal have to be a reptile?

A

Dry scales

117
Q

What must an animal have to be a fish?

A

Wet scales

Gills

118
Q

What must an animal have to be an amphibian?

A

Moist skin

Gils and lungs

Triple science (8 decks)

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