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organics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

in what ways can organic compounds be represented in?

A

empirical formula, molecular formula, general formulae, structural formulae and condenses structural formulae

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3
Q

what does the empirical formula show?

A

the simplest possible ratio of the atoms in a molecule

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4
Q

what does the molecular formula show?

A

the actual number of atoms in a molecule

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5
Q

(basically the relationship between carbon and hydrogen atoms)

what does the general formula show?

A

a ratio of atoms in a family of compounds in terms of n where n is a varying whole number

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6
Q

what is the general formula for an alkANE

A

cn H2n+2

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7
Q

what is the displayed formula( also known as the graphical formula?)

A

the spatial arrangement of all the atoms and bonds in a molecule

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8
Q

what does a structural formula show?

A

the clear structure, the important bonds (double and triple bonds), side groups and straight chain alkanes

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9
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties due to them having the same functional group

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10
Q

all members of a homologous series have?

A

the same general formula, same functional group, similar chemical properties, gradation in their physical properties and the difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2

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11
Q

what is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement that influences the properties of the homologous series

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12
Q

what is a isomer?

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different displayed formulae

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13
Q

example of an isomer?

A

propane and cyclopropane

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14
Q

what does the prefix of an organic compound tell you?

A

how many carbon atoms are present in the longest continuous chain in the compound

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15
Q

what does the suffix tell you?

A

what functional group is on the compound

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16
Q

monkeys….

A

eat peanut butter properly!

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17
Q

what can the reactions of organic compounds be classified into?

A

substitution, addition and combustion

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18
Q

what is a substitution reaction?

A

when one functional group is replaced by another

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19
Q

what is an addition reaction?

A

takes place when 2 or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule with no other products

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20
Q

what is combustion

A

the scientific term for burning

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21
Q

what happens in a combustion reaction?

A

an organic substance reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (or carbon monoxide if incomplete combustion) and water

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22
Q

when do alkENES burn?

A

when heated in air or oxygen

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23
Q

if there is an unlimited supply of air/oxygen the products are what? (combustion)

A

carbon dioxide and water

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24
Q

if there is a limited supply of air/oxygen what are the products?

A

carbon monoxide and water

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25
Q

what is crude oil?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons of different chain lengths

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26
Q

how can crude oil be separated into useful fractions?

A

fractional distillation

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27
Q

what does each fraction contain?

A

a hydrocarbon of similar lengths and similar boiling points

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28
Q

how is crude oil formed?

A

from dead organisms buried by sedimentation

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29
Q

is crude oil renewable or non renewable?

A

non renewable because we are using it up faster than it is formed

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30
Q

what is the first stage of fractional distillation?

A

crude oil is vaporised- heated to high temperatures, usually above 350 degrees

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31
Q

the vapours are fed into what?

A

a fractionating column

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32
Q

the fractionating column has a temperature gradient which means what?

A

it’s hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top

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33
Q

when do the gases condense?

A

when they reach their boiling point

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34
Q

the different fractions are collected as what at different levels?

A

liquids

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35
Q

bitumen usage?

A

roads and roofs

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36
Q

fuel oil usage?

A

fuel for ships and power stations

37
Q

diesel usage?

A

fuel for cars, lorries and buses

38
Q

kerosene usage?

A

aircraft fuel

39
Q

gasoline usage?

A

fuel for cars

40
Q

refinery gases usage?

A

bottled gas

41
Q

the fractions collected at the bottom of the column contain what type of molecules?

A

molecules with a large number of carbon atoms in a long chain

42
Q

which gas contains the smallest molecules?

A

refinery gases- contains only a few carbon atoms in short chains

43
Q

as you go up the column what happens to the chain length and volatility?

A

decreasing chain length and higher volatility

44
Q

what does the small molecules being very volatile mean?

A

they evaporate very easily

45
Q

long chain hydrocarbons have low or high boiling points?

A

high boiling points

46
Q

does the boiling point increase or decrease with chain length?

A

increases- larger the hydrocarbon the higher the boiling point

47
Q

the fractions collected nearer the bottom are darker or lighter in colour?

A

darker in colour and are thick and sticky

48
Q

the fractions at the bottom have a high or low viscosity?

A

high viscosity

49
Q

the fractions nearer the top are lighter or darker in colour?

A

lighter and they flow more easily

50
Q

the fractions near the top have a lower or higher viscosity?

A

lower viscosity

51
Q

a hydrocarbon will vaporise at its boiling point and also what?

A

condense to a liquid at its boiling point

52
Q

what does viscosity mean?

A

the ease of the flow of the liquid.

53
Q

what does volatility mean?

A

the tendency of a substance to vaporise

54
Q

usage of liquified petroleum gas?

A

domestic heating and cooking

55
Q

what is the equation for the combustion of methane?

A

methane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide and water

56
Q

the products of combustion depend on what?

A

the availability of oxygen

57
Q

when does complete combustion occur?

A

when there is a plentiful supply of oxygen

58
Q

balanced symbol equation for the combustion of methane?

A

CH4 + 2O2-> CO2 + 2H2O

59
Q

when does incomplete combustion occur?

A

when there is an insufficient supply of oxygen

60
Q

incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels produces what?

A

carbon monoxide, soot and water

61
Q

balanced symbol equation for incomplete combustion?

A

CH4 + 1.5O2 -> CO + 2H20

62
Q

carbon monoxide can cause what?

A

dizziness, loss of consciousness and eventually death

63
Q

what is sulfur dioxide?

A

produced by the combustion of fuels containing sulfur

64
Q

sulfur is oxidised to form what?

A

sulfur dioxide

65
Q

sulfur dioxide is dissolved in rainwater to form what?

A

sulfuric acid and falls as acid rain

66
Q

acid rain causes what?

A

the corrosion of limestone

67
Q

oxides of nitrogen are formed when?

A

when nitrogen and oxygen react at high temperatures

68
Q

oxides of nitrogen can cause what?

A

acid rain and respiratory problems

69
Q

long chain hydrocarbons are in low or high demand and high or low supply?

A

low demand and high supply

70
Q

short chain hydrocarbons are in high or low demand or low or high supply?

A

high demand and low supply

71
Q

cracking produces what?

A

short chain alkanes and alkenes from long chain alkANES

72
Q

cracking requires temperatures in what range?

A

600-700 temperature

73
Q

what catalyst does cracking need?

A

silica or alumina

74
Q

definition of cracking?

A

a thermal decomposition reaction that produces short chain alkanes and alkenes from long chain alkANES

75
Q

saturated molecules contain what type of bonds?

A

single bonds only

76
Q

unsaturated molecules contain what type of bonds between their carbon atoms?

A

double bonds

77
Q

alkanes are saturated or unsaturated compounds?

A

saturated

78
Q

alkenes are saturated or unsaturated compounds?

A

unsaturated

79
Q

cracking is an endo or exothermic reaction?

A

endothermic

80
Q

how does catalytic cracking work?

A
  • heating the hydrocarbon molecules to 600-700 to vaporise them
  • vapours pass over a hot powdered catalyst of aluminium oxide
    -process breaks covalent bonds in the molecules- they come into contact with the surface of the catalyst- causing thermal decomposition
    -molecules are broken up in a random way- produces smaller alkanes and alkenes
81
Q

alkanes are an example of what type of series?

A

homologous

82
Q

what are alkENES?

A

a homologous series who’s functional group is c=c

83
Q

are alkENES saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

84
Q

what is the general formula for alkENES?

A

CnH2n

85
Q

what is the test for alkenes?

A

bromine water test

86
Q

in alkENES what will happen to the bromine water?

A

will become discoloured

87
Q

in alkANES what happens to the bromine water?

A

stays orange

88
Q
A

chemistry (33 decks)

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