organic chemistry (75-78, 80) (paper 2)

Question 1

what is the functional group for an alcohol

Answer 1

OH - oxygen hydrogen

Question 2

what is the functional group for carboxylic acids

Answer 2

carbon double bonded to an oxygen and the carbon bonded to an OH

Question 3

what is the functional group for esters

Answer 3

a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and the carbon bonded to a O

Question 4

what is the prefix for alcohol

Answer 4

-ol

Question 5

what is the prefix for carboxylic acids

Answer 5

-oic acid

Question 6

what is the prefix for esters

Answer 6

-yl -anoate

Question 7

what is the general formula for alcohols

Answer 7

CnH2n+1OH

Question 8

which is bonded to the carbon the O or the H

Answer 8

the O

Question 9

what can alcohols be oxidised to form

Answer 9

carboxylic acids

Question 10

what is the oxidising agent for alcohols -> carboxylic acids

Answer 10

potassium dichromate solution with dilute sulfric acid with some heat

Question 11

how else are carboxilic acids formed from alcohols

Answer 11

microbial oxidation = microorganisms

Question 12

what is distilation

Answer 12

evapouration followed by condensation

Question 13

when is purifying ethanol used

Answer 13

• making alcoholic drinks
• ethanol for cars
• alternative in chemical industry

Question 14

what are the two methods to make ethanol

Answer 14

• fermentation
• direct hydration

Question 15

what are the reagents and conditons for fermentation

Answer 15

• sugars from plants
• 30degrees
• anerobic conditions
• catalyst = yeast

Question 16

why does fermentation take place in anaerobic conditions

Answer 16

because it will oxidise the ethanol to ethanoic acid

Question 17

what is the equation for fermentation

Answer 17

C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
glucose -> ehtanol + carbon dioxide

Question 18

what are the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation

Answer 18

+renewable resource
+low tech equipment
+only small temps needed
-waste product CO2
-not concerntrated enough = must be distilled
-slow

Question 19

what are the reagents and condition for direct hydration

Answer 19

• ethene cracked from crude oil
• water as steam
• catalyst = phosphoric acid
• 300degrees celcius
• pressure 60-70atmospheres

Question 19

what is the catalyst for fermentation

Answer 19

yeast

Question 20

what is the catalyst for direct hydration

Answer 20

phosphoric acid

Question 21

what is the equation for direct hydration

Answer 21

C2H4 + H2O -> C2H8OH
ethene + water -> ethanol

Question 22

what are the advantages and disadvantages of direct hydration for ethanol production

Answer 22

+fast & more efficient
+cheap
-non-renewable method
-lots of energy required for temperatures

Question 23

what is ethanol oxidised to form

Answer 23

ethanoic acid

Question 24

how is ethanoic acid formed

Answer 24

- potassium dichromate solution with sulfuric acid - colour change orange - green

Question 25

do carboxylic acids react like all other acids

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

what does a metal + acid form

Answer 26

salt + hydrogen

Question 27

what does an alkali/base + acid form

Answer 27

salt + water

Question 28

what does a carbonate + acid form

Answer 28

salt + carbon dioxide + water

Question 29

what is the functional group of an ester

Answer 29

-COO-

Question 30

what is the functional group of a carboxylic acid

Answer 30

-COOH

Question 31

how are esters formed

Answer 31

alcohol + carboxylic acid

Question 32

what is the waste product when esters are formed

Answer 32

water

Question 33

what is the catalyst usually used for the formation of esters

Answer 33

sulfuric acid and heat

Question 34

how can you make esters in the lab

Answer 34

- add some concertrated sulfuric acid in boiling tube with pipette - add ethanoic acid - add equal amount of ethanol - heat using a bunsern burner till boiling - after one min allow to cool - add to sodium carbonate and ester will form

Question 35

what are esters used for

Answer 35

perfumes and flavourings

Question 36

what are the rules for when esters are being produced when writing the equations

Answer 36

- carboxylic acid loses 'OH' - alcohol loses 'H' - join where lost

Question 37

what must happen for a monomer to become a polymer

Answer 37

the double bond is broken

Question 38

how are polyesters formed

Answer 38

condensation polymerisation

Question 39

what is condensation polymerisation

Answer 39

when dicarboxylic acid monomers and diol monomers react together

Question 40

What charge do carboxylic acids have when reacting with a metal or any other element

Answer 40

1-

Question 41

What is the reversible equation for a carboxylic acid donating H* ions in a solution (eg. Ethanoic acid)

Answer 41

CH3COOH -> (H2O) -> CH3COO- + H+

Question 42

What is the colour change in the oxidation of ethanoic acid by using potassium dichromate solution with sulfuric acid

Answer 42

Changes from orange to green

Question 43

define fermentation

Answer 43

fermentation is the anaerobic respiration of sugars by yeast cells to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide