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Chemistry > organic chemistry (75-78, 80) (paper 2) > Flashcards

organic chemistry (75-78, 80) (paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the functional group for an alcohol

A

OH - oxygen hydrogen

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2
Q

what is the functional group for carboxylic acids

A

carbon double bonded to an oxygen and the carbon bonded to an OH

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3
Q

what is the functional group for esters

A

a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and the carbon bonded to a O

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4
Q

what is the prefix for alcohol

A

-ol

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5
Q

what is the prefix for carboxylic acids

A

-oic acid

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6
Q

what is the prefix for esters

A

-yl -anoate

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7
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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8
Q

which is bonded to the carbon the O or the H

A

the O

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9
Q

what can alcohols be oxidised to form

A

carboxylic acids

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10
Q

what is the oxidising agent for alcohols -> carboxylic acids

A

potassium dichromate solution with dilute sulfric acid with some heat

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11
Q

how else are carboxilic acids formed from alcohols

A

microbial oxidation = microorganisms

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12
Q

what is distilation

A

evapouration followed by condensation

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13
Q

when is purifying ethanol used

A
  • making alcoholic drinks
  • ethanol for cars
  • alternative in chemical industry
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14
Q

what are the two methods to make ethanol

A
  • fermentation
  • direct hydration
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15
Q

what are the reagents and conditons for fermentation

A
  • sugars from plants
  • 30degrees
  • anerobic conditions
  • catalyst = yeast
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16
Q

why does fermentation take place in anaerobic conditions

A

because it will oxidise the ethanol to ethanoic acid

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17
Q

what is the equation for fermentation

A

C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
glucose -> ehtanol + carbon dioxide

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18
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation

A

+renewable resource
+low tech equipment
+only small temps needed
-waste product CO2
-not concerntrated enough = must be distilled
-slow

19
Q

what are the reagents and condition for direct hydration

A
  • ethene cracked from crude oil
  • water as steam
  • catalyst = phosphoric acid
  • 300degrees celcius
  • pressure 60-70atmospheres
19
Q

what is the catalyst for fermentation

A

yeast

20
Q

what is the catalyst for direct hydration

A

phosphoric acid

21
Q

what is the equation for direct hydration

A

C2H4 + H2O -> C2H8OH
ethene + water -> ethanol

22
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of direct hydration for ethanol production

A

+fast & more efficient
+cheap
-non-renewable method
-lots of energy required for temperatures

23
Q

what is ethanol oxidised to form

A

ethanoic acid

24
Q

how is ethanoic acid formed

A
  • potassium dichromate solution with sulfuric acid
  • colour change orange - green
25
Q

do carboxylic acids react like all other acids

A

yes

26
Q

what does a metal + acid form

A

salt + hydrogen

27
Q

what does an alkali/base + acid form

A

salt + water

28
Q

what does a carbonate + acid form

A

salt + carbon dioxide + water

29
Q

what is the functional group of an ester

A

-COO-

30
Q

what is the functional group of a carboxylic acid

A

-COOH

31
Q

how are esters formed

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid

32
Q

what is the waste product when esters are formed

A

water

33
Q

what is the catalyst usually used for the formation of esters

A

sulfuric acid and heat

34
Q

how can you make esters in the lab

A
  • add some concertrated sulfuric acid in boiling tube with pipette
  • add ethanoic acid
  • add equal amount of ethanol
  • heat using a bunsern burner till boiling
  • after one min allow to cool
  • add to sodium carbonate and ester will form
35
Q

what are esters used for

A

perfumes and flavourings

36
Q

what are the rules for when esters are being produced when writing the equations

A
  • carboxylic acid loses ‘OH’
  • alcohol loses ‘H’
  • join where lost
37
Q

what must happen for a monomer to become a polymer

A

the double bond is broken

38
Q

how are polyesters formed

A

condensation polymerisation

39
Q

what is condensation polymerisation

A

when dicarboxylic acid monomers and diol monomers react together

40
Q

What charge do carboxylic acids have when reacting with a metal or any other element

A

1-

41
Q

What is the reversible equation for a carboxylic acid donating H* ions in a solution (eg. Ethanoic acid)

A

CH3COOH -> (H2O) -> CH3COO- + H+

42
Q

What is the colour change in the oxidation of ethanoic acid by using potassium dichromate solution with sulfuric acid

A

Changes from orange to green

43
Q

define fermentation

A

fermentation is the anaerobic respiration of sugars by yeast cells to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

Chemistry (20 decks)

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