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Chemistry > organic chemistry (67-74, 79) (paper 1) > Flashcards

organic chemistry (67-74, 79) (paper 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

define empirical formula

A

the simplest whole numbre ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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2
Q

what do compounds in a homologous series share in common

A
  • same general formula
  • same functional group
  • react in similar ways
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3
Q

what is the functional group for an alkene

A

C=C - carbon carbon double bond

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4
Q

what is the stem for 1 carbon in a compound

A

meth-

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5
Q

what is the stem for 2 carbon in a compound

A

eth-

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6
Q

what is the stem for 3 carbon in a compound

A

prop-

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7
Q

what is the stem for 4 carbon in compound

A

but–

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8
Q

what is the prefix for an alkane

A

-ane

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9
Q

what is the prefix for an alkene

A

-ene

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10
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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12
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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13
Q

define hydrocarbon

A

molecules made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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14
Q

define saturated

A

only containing single bonds between carbon atoms

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15
Q

define unsaturated

A

have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

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16
Q

define isomer

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structual formulae

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17
Q

what are the rules for isomers

A
  • take one carbon off the long chain
  • re-bond that carbon to the original chain at least one carbon from the end
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18
Q

what is crude oil

A

a mixture of molecules

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19
Q

what is the process which seperates out crude oil

A

fractional distilation

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20
Q

describe fractional distilation of crude oil

A
  • the oil is heated until it vapourises
  • the vapours rise up the column until just below their bloiling point and condense
  • the column is coller and the top than the bottom
  • larger molecules with higher boiling points condense at the bottom
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21
Q

what is the order of products from crude oil fractional distilation from top to bottom

A
  • refinery gases
  • gasoline
  • kerosene
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen
22
Q

what are the physical properties of the longer hydrocarbons

A
  • larger molecules
  • more viscous
  • more yellow / orange
23
Q

why are short-chain hydrocarbons more useful than long chain molecules

A
  • they ignite more easily
  • can be used as fuels
    but there is a larger supply of long chain hydrocarbons
24
Q

how is the demand met for smaller hydrocarbons

A

long hydrocarbons are split into smaller molecules by a process of catalytic cracking

25
Q

what are the conditions are catalytic cracking

A
  • 600-700 degress celcius
  • catalyst of silica or alumina
26
Q

what type of reaction is combustion

A

exothermic

27
Q

what are the two types of combustion

A
  • complete combustion
  • incomplete combustion
28
Q

what are the conditions and results for complete combustion

A
  • lots of O2
  • releases CO2 and H2O
29
Q

what are the conditions and results for incomplete combustion

A
  • limited O2
  • releases CO, C and H2O
    (toxic carbon monoxide and soot)
30
Q

what are the affects environmentally from combustion

A
  • CO2 = greenhouse gas = global warming
  • CO = toxic, prevents oxygen in blood
  • SO2 = acid rain
31
Q

define volatile

A

when something quickly changes from a liquid to a vapour

32
Q

are alkanes saturated or unsaturated

A

saturated

33
Q

whats more reactive alkanes or alkenes and why

A

alkenes - due to the C=C

34
Q

what are alkenes used to produce

A

plastics

35
Q

how do you distinguish between alkenes and alkanes

A

react them with bromine water

36
Q

what is formed when alkanes or alkenes react with halogens

A

haloalkanes

37
Q

describe how alkenes react with bromine water & what type of reaction is it

A
  • rapidly decoloursies
  • orange to colourless
  • addition reaction
  • C2H4Br2
38
Q

descirbe how alkanes react with bromine water & what type of reaction is it

A
  • only react with intense UV light
  • substitution reaction
  • C2H5Br + HBr
39
Q

when are alkenes produced

A

when large hydrocarbon moleules are cracked into smaller hydrocarbon molecules

40
Q

what are addition polymers made from

A

unsaturated monomers

40
Q

what are addition polymers

A

aubstances of high average relative molecular mass made by joining lots of small units called monomers

41
Q

what must monomers have to make a polymer

A

a double covalent bond

42
Q

what is the process called where monomers join to creat a polymer

A

addition polymerisation

43
Q

how would you right a polymer of ethene

A

poly(ethene)

44
Q

how do you draw a polymer

A

a repeat unit

45
Q

describe what is needed in a repeat unit for a polymer

A
  • brackets
  • continued bonds outside the brackets
  • only the bit that used to have the double bond
  • an n outside the bracket
46
Q

define inert

A

dont react easily

47
Q

are addition polymers inert

A

yes

48
Q

why are addition polymers inert

A

because the carbon-carbon bonds in the polymer chain are very strong and are not easily broken

49
Q

how does the fact that polymers are inert affect the environment

A
  • very long time to biodegrade
  • buring them releases toxic gases
  • have to reuse and recycle

Chemistry (20 decks)

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