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A-level Chemistry > Organic Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

7What group do aldehyde and ketone contain?

A

A carbonyl group

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2
Q

Why can’t aldehyde and ketone form hydrogen bonds with each other?

A

Because they don’t have a polar O-H bond

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3
Q

Can aldehyde and ketone hydrogen bond with water?

A

Yes, because although they don’t have polar OH groups, they have a lone pair of electrons on the O of the C=O group

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4
Q

How can you test for an aldehyde with tollen’s reagent?

A
  • Tollens reagent is a colourless solution of silver nitrate dissolved in aqueous ammonia.
  • If it’s heated in a test tube with an aldehyde, a silver mirror forms after a few minutes
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5
Q

What is the colour change when you heat an aldehyde with acidification potassium dichromate ions?

A

Colour change from orange to green

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6
Q

What can an aldehyde be reduced back to?

A

A primary alcohol

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7
Q

What reducing agent is needed for the reduction of an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether ([H])

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8
Q

What can a ketone be reduced to?

A

A secondary alcohol

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9
Q

What type of reaction is the reduction of an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?

A

A nucleophillic addition reaction

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10
Q

What does hydrogen cyanide react with carbonyl compounds to give?

A

Hydroxynitriles

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11
Q

What are hydroxynitriles?

A

Molecules with a CN and an OH group

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12
Q

What type of reaction is the reaction between hydrogen cyanide and carbonyls?

A

Nucleophilic addition

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13
Q

Draw the mechanism for the reaction between hydrogen cyanide and a carbonyl

A

In book

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14
Q

How do you test for a carbonyl group using 2,4-DNPH?

A

-The 2,4-DNPH is dissolved in methanol and conc sulfuric acid.

  • It reacts to form a bright orange precipitate of a carbonyl group
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Which type of carbonyl react with iodine?

A

Those that contain a methyl carbonyl group

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17
Q

What happens when carbonyl with a methyl carbonate group react with iodine?

A

You get a yellow precipitate of CHI3 and an antiseptic smell

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18
Q

RCOCH3 + 3I2 + 4OH- ->

A

RCOO- + CHI3 + 3I- + 3H20

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19
Q

What can form with pure liquid carboxylic acids ?

A

Dimers

20
Q

What is formed when you hydrolyse a nitrile?

A

A carboxylic acid and an ammonium chloride

21
Q

How do you hydrolyse a nitrile?

A
  • You reflux the nitrile with dilute HCl and then distilling of the carboxylic acid
22
Q

CH3C=N + 2H20 + HCl ->

A

CH3COOH + NH4Cl

23
Q

What happens when carboxylic acid reacts with a base?

A

A salt and water is formed

24
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with carbonate or hydrogencarbonate ions?

A

A salt, water and CO2 are formed

25
Q

CH3COOH + NaOH ->

A

CH3COONa + H2O

26
Q

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ->

A

2CH3COONa + H20 + CO2

27
Q

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ->

A

CH3COONa + H20 + CO2

28
Q

What is used to reduce carboxylic acid to a primary alcohol?

A

The powerful reducing agent LiAlH4 in dry ether

29
Q

What do you get when you react a carboxylic acid with PCl5?

A

An acyl chloride, POCl3 + HCl

30
Q

RCOOH + PCl5 ->

A

RCOCL + POCL3 + HCL

31
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

COO

32
Q

What does the name of the ester come frome?

A
  • The first part of the name comes from the alcohol
  • The second part of thr name comes from the carboxylic acid
33
Q

Carboxylic acid + alcohol->
(In presence of an acid catalyst)

A

Ester and water

34
Q

What type of reaction is esterification?

A

A condensation reaction

35
Q

What happens in base hydrolysis of an ester ?

A

The ester is refluxed with a dilute alkali such as sodium hydroxide. A carboxylate ion and an alcohol are produced

36
Q

What is the functional group of acyl chlorides?

A

COCl

37
Q

Ethanoyl chloride + water ->

A

Ethanoic acid

38
Q

Ethanol chloride + methanol ->

A

Methyl ethanoate + HCl

39
Q

Ethanoyl chloride + Concentrated ammonia->

A

Ethanamide + HCl

40
Q

Ethanoyl chloride + methylamine ->

A

N-methlyethanamide

41
Q

Acyl chloride + water ->

A

Carboxylic acid

42
Q

Acyl chloride + alcohol->

A

Ester + HCl

43
Q

Acyl chloride + concentrated ammonia ->

A

Ethanamide + HCl

44
Q

Acyl chloride + amine->

A

N-methly ethanamide

45
Q
A

A-level Chemistry (19 decks)

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