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Chemistry (Tara) > Organic chem - 3 > Flashcards

Organic chem - 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define chloroalkanes

A

A chloroalkane is an alkane where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by chlorine atoms.

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2
Q

Do chloroalkanes occur naturally?

A

No

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3
Q

5 main uses of chloroalkanes

A
  • Solvents to remove oil
  • Grease in the dry cleaning
  • Solvents in the paints industry
  • Coolants in air conditioning
  • Propellants in aerosols
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4
Q

Why is the use of chloroalkanes being reduced?

A

As thy destroy the ozone layer.

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5
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of chloromethane

A
  • CH3Cl
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6
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of dichloromethane

A

CH₂Cl₂

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7
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of trichloromethane

A

CHC3

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8
Q

Give the common name for trichloromethane

A

Chloroform

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9
Q

What is trichloromethane used for?

A
  • An early anaesthetic
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10
Q

Is chloroform/trichloromethane polar or non-polar

A

Non-polar

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11
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of tetrachloromethane

A

CCl4

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12
Q

What could one Cl atom destroy?

A

1,000,000 ozone molecules

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13
Q

What could two Cl atoms destroy?

A

2,000,000 ozone molecules

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14
Q

What is the first thing to do in naming larger chloroalkanes?

A

Select the longest carbon chain to give the parent alkane.

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15
Q

What do you number from in naming larger chloroalkanes?

A

From whichever end of the molecule gives the lowest possible number to the carbon atom to which the chlorine atom is attached.

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16
Q

What is important to do if more than one chlorine is attached?

A

Use the appropriate prefix - di, tri, tetra

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17
Q

Are chloroalkanes polar or non-polar?

A

Non-polar

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18
Q

Are chloroalkanes soluble or insoluble in water?

A

Insoluble

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19
Q

Why are chloroalkanes insoluble in water?

A

As they are non-polar

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20
Q

Why are chloroalkanes used in the dry cleaning industry?

A

As they remove oil stains.

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21
Q

Do chloroalkanes have high or low boiling points?

A

Low boiling points>?

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22
Q

Are chloroalkanes soluble in non-polar solvents?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Name a non-polar solvent that chloroalkanes are soluble in.

A

Cyclohexane

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24
Q

What forces of attractions do chloroalkanes have?

A

Van der Waals forces of attraction

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25
Q

What are chloroalkanes proven to damage?

A

The ozone layer

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26
Q

Primary alcohols – oxidised –>

A

Aldehyde

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27
Q

Primary alcohols –oxidised–> Aldehydes –oxidised–>

A

Carboxylic acid

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28
Q

Colour of Cr + 6 =

A

Bright orange

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29
Q

Colour Cr + 3 =

A

Green

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30
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of propan-1-ol.

A

Drawn

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31
Q

What is the molecular formula of Sodium dicromate6

A

Na₂Cr₂O7

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32
Q

What is Na2Cr2O7 in the reaction?

A

Oxidising agent

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33
Q

Secondary alcohol –oxidised–>

A

Ketones

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34
Q

What would happen without acid?

A

Nothing

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35
Q

Define alcohols

A

An alcohol is an alkane where one of the hydrogens is replaced with -OH group.

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36
Q

What is the -OH group called?

A

Hydroxyl group

37
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

Hydroxyl group

38
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

C(n)H(₂n+1)OH

39
Q

What shape are all the carbon atoms in alcohols?

A

Tetrahedral

40
Q

What shape is the -OH group of alcohol?

A

V-shaped

41
Q

Is the -OH group of alcohols polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

42
Q

Is the carbon chain (other than -OH) polar or non-polar?

A

Non-polar

43
Q

What is replaced at the end of alcohols and what is it replaced with?

A
  • ane is replaced with anol
44
Q

Name 3 examples of alcohols

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
45
Q

Which carbon chain is chosen when naming alcohols?

A

The longest

46
Q

What are end are carbons named from?

A

The end that gives the carbon atom with the -OH group attached the smallest possible number

47
Q

What determines the direction in alcohols?

A

The position of the hydroxyl functional group.

48
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of methanol

A

CH3OH

49
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of ethanol

A

C₂H5OH

50
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of propan-1-ol

A

C3H7OH / CH3CH₂CH₂(OH)

51
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of propan-2-ol

A

C3H7OH / CH3CH(OH)CH3

52
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of butan-1-ol

A

C4H9OH / CH3CH₂CH₂CH₂(OH)

53
Q

Draw and give the molecular formula of butan-2-ol

A

C4H9OH / CH3CH₂CH(OH)CH3

54
Q

Define a primary alcohol

A

This is when there is one carbon directly bonded (touching) to the carbon atom that has the -OH group attached.

55
Q

Name 2 examples of primary alcohols

A
  • Propan-1-il

- Butan-1-ol

56
Q

Define secondary alcohols

A

This is when there are two carbons directly bonded to the carbon atom that has the -OH group attached.

57
Q

Name 2 examples of secondary alcohols

A
  • Propan-2-ol

- Butan-2-ol

58
Q

Draw 2-methypropan-2-ol

A

Drawn

59
Q

Are tertiary alcohols easily oxidised?

A

No

60
Q

What is the best known alcohol

A

Ethanol

61
Q

Why is ethanol the best known alcohol

A

As it is found in alcoholic drinks such as beer, wine and spirits.

62
Q

Name the process in which ethanol is produced

A

Fermentation

63
Q

What happens in the fermentation of ethanol

A

Sugars are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast.

64
Q

What enzyme does yeast contain?

A

Zymase

65
Q

Are alcohols toxic?

A

Yes all are

66
Q

What are alcohols broken down in the liver to?

A

An aldehyde

67
Q

What is it called when alcohols are broken down in the body by the liver to an aldehyde?

A

Primary metabolite

68
Q

What can excess consumption of alcohol lead to?

A

Liver failure and eventually death

69
Q

What is ethanol used as in a perfume?

A

A solvent

70
Q

Name a use for ethanol other than alcoholic beverages and in perfume.

A

To sterilise

71
Q

In Brazil what percentage of cars run on ethanol?

A

20%

72
Q

What is another name for the ethanol that some cars are run on?

A

Oxygenate

73
Q

What does fermentation produce?

A

CO₂

74
Q

Give the sample equation for fermentation.

A

C₆H₁₂0₆ ⇾ 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ (⇾ = ZYMASE)

75
Q

Why do alcohols have a higher boiling points than alkanes of similar molecular mass?

A
  • Due to the presence of the polar -OH group there is hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules.
  • As a result of this hydrogen bonding more energy is needed to break these bonds.
76
Q

What are weaker Van der Waals forces, or hydrogen bonding?

A

Van der Waals

77
Q

Why are the first four members of the alcohols liquids?

A

Because of the hydrogen bonding between molecules as the hydrogen bonding holds the molecules together.

78
Q

What state of matter is the first four alkanes?

A

Gases

79
Q

Are the alcohols with smaller carbon chains, soluble or insoluble in water?

A

Soluble

80
Q

Why are the alcohols with smaller carbon chain lengths soluble in water?

A

As there is hydrogen bonding between the alcohol molecules and water molecules.

81
Q

What happens as the carbon chain length in alcohols increases?

A

Solubility decreases

82
Q

Why does solubility decrease as the carbon length in alcohols increases?

A

As the non-polar carbon chain takes over from the polar -OH group.

83
Q

Are the larger alcohols soluble or insoluble in water?

A

Insoluble

84
Q

Name a non-polar solvent that the larger alcohols are soluble in.

A

Cyclohexane

85
Q

What do all alkanes, chloroalkanes and alcohols have?

A

Tetrahedral carbon

86
Q

Why do all alkanes, chloroalkanes and alcohols have tetrahedral carbon?

A

As each carbon in these molecules form four single bonding pairs and no lone pairs.

87
Q

What does solubility depend on (alcohols)?

A

The non-polar carbon chains

88
Q

What do all alcohols form with water?

A

Hydrogen bonds

89
Q

What is the oxidising agent used to oxidise primary alcohols to aldehydes and then on to form carboxylic acids?

A

Acidified sodium dichromate.

Chemistry (Tara) (50 decks)

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