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Chemistry (Tara) > Organic chem - 1 > Flashcards

Organic chem - 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define organic chemistry

A

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon based compounds.

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2
Q

Why is organic chemistry very important?

A

Industrially, produces billions of euro, necessary for the production of pharmaceuticals, petrol, diesel etc.

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3
Q

Name the three important homologous series

A
  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
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4
Q

How many bonds can carbon form?

A

4 because it has a valency of 4 & is in group 4

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5
Q

What can carbon bonds comprise of?

A

a) . 4 single bonds - saturated. (4 bonding pairs; no lone pairs - tetrahedral)
b) . 1 double bond & 2 single bonds - unsaturated. (3 bonding pairs; no lone pairs - planar)
c) . 1 triple bond & 1 single bond - unsaturated. (2 bonding pairs; no lone pairs - planar)

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6
Q

Define saturated

A

Contains only single bonds around carbon atoms.

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7
Q

Define unsaturated

A

Contains a multiple bond between two carbon atoms.

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8
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon is a compound that consists of the elements carbon and hydrogen.

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9
Q

What are hydrocarbons formed by?

A

Formed by the decomposition of animal waste and vegetation.

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10
Q

Define aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are straight or branched-chained hydrocarbon molecules.

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11
Q

Define aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain a ‘ring’ in their structure i.e a benzene ring.

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12
Q

Name 3 sources of hydrocarbons

A
  • Coal
  • Natural gas (methane)
  • Petroleum (crude oil)
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13
Q

Describe coal as a hydrocarbon

A
  • Coal is a black solid that contains mainly carbon.

- Burning coal causes air pollution.

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14
Q

Describe natural gas (methane) as a hydrocarbon

A
  • It is produced when dead organic material is converted into hydrocarbon molecules over millions of years.
  • Found in slurry pits , coal mines, intestinal bacteria of cows and sheep and rubbish dumps.
  • Kinsale gas = 95% methane which contributes to the greenhouse effect.
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15
Q

Describe crude oil as a hydrocarbon

A
  • Consists of many aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
    Used to make drugs, plastics, cosmetics, petrol etc.
    Most sought after resource.
    Thick black substance - but useless in that form.
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16
Q

What is the biggest source of hydrocarbons?

A

Petroleum (crude oil)

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17
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Fuels i.e they release energy when burned in oxygen.

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18
Q

What is the number of carbons in ‘Meth’

A

1

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19
Q

What is the number of carbons in ‘Eth’

A

2

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20
Q

What is the number of carbons in ‘Prop’

A

3

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21
Q

What is the number of carbons in ‘But’

A

4

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22
Q

What is the number of carbons in ‘Pent’

A

5

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23
Q

What is the number of carbons in ‘Hex’

A

6

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24
Q

What is the number of carbons in ‘Hept’

A

7

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25
Q

What is the number of carbons in ‘Oct’

A

8

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26
Q

What type of bonds do alkanes have around/between them?

A

Single bonds around/between the carbon atoms

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27
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated compounds?

A

Saturated compounds

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28
Q

What do the names of alkane molecules end in

A
  • ane i.e methane, ethane, propane
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29
Q

What are C1-C4 at room temperature?

A

Gases

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30
Q

What are C5-C16 at room temperature?

A

Liquids

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31
Q

What are C17 + at room temperature?

A

Waxy solids

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32
Q

What force of attraction do Alkanes have?

A

Weak Van der Waals forces of attraction

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33
Q

Why/When does the boiling point increase

A

With increasing chain length as greater surface contact between molecules means greater numbers of Van der Waals forces between the molecules.

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34
Q

What does each successive member of the alkanes differ by?

A

CH₂

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35
Q

Are alkanes soluble or insoluble in water?

A

Insoluble

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36
Q

Why are alkanes insoluble in water?

A

As they are non-polar molecules (tetrahedral shape) and do not form hydrogen bonds with water.

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37
Q

Are alkanes soluble or insoluble in non-polar solvents such as cyclohexane or chloroform?

A

Soluble

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38
Q

Why is ethane a good fuel?

A

As it is unreactive (unreactive because of the fact that they are saturated)

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39
Q

What are the two diagnostic tests proving that alkanes are saturated compounds?

A
  • saturated -> unreactive, alkanes do not decolourise bromine water from red/brown to colourless or a dilute solution of potassium manganate (VII) from purple to colourless.
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40
Q

What type of reactions do alkanes usually undergo?

A

Free radical substitution

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41
Q

What is free radical substitution?

A

When an atom or group of atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms. Two main products are produced, one organic and one inorganic.

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42
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Any large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly H, O or N.

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43
Q

In the combustion : CH4 +Cl2 –> CH3Cl + HCl , what is the re-agent , the condition and the organic product

A
  • re-agent = Cl
  • the condition = uv light
  • organic product = cloro methane
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44
Q

What are conditions?

A

Conditions are things that need to be present for a reaction to happen.

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45
Q

Can every organic molecule undergo combustion?

A

Yes

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46
Q

What shape are all alkanes?

A

Tetrahedral

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47
Q

Why are all alkanes tetrahedral?

A

Due to the presence of four bonding pairs and no lone pairs around the carbon atom.

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48
Q

What are the 4 IUPAC system rules?

A
  1. The longest chain carbon is the parent alkane.
  2. The alkane is named from whichever direction gives the lowest number to the carbon atom to which the groups are attached.
  3. The substituted groups are then named and numbered alphabetically i.e bromo before chloro, ethyl before methyl etc.
  4. If there are two of the same group on the molecule then the prefix ‘di’ is placed before the groups name i.e dimethyl. If there are three of the same group then ‘tri’ is used and four, tetra.
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49
Q

What is the combustion of methane?

A

Ch4 + 2O₂ –> CO₂ +2H₂O

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50
Q

What is the combustion of Ethanol?

A

C₂H5OH +3O2 –> 2CO₂ +3H₂O

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51
Q

What is the combustion of propanoic acid?

A

C₂H5COOH + 3.5O₂ –> 3CO₂ +3H₂O

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52
Q

What is the combustion formula?

A

Organic compound + O₂ –> CO₂ + H₂0 + energy

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53
Q

What are alkyl groups?

A

The alkane missing one of its hydrogens

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54
Q

Name 2 alkyl groups?

A

CH₃ - Methyl

C₂H5 - Ethyl

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55
Q

What happens if you put an alkyl group on the first carbon of a molecule?

A

It is simply an extension of the chain.

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56
Q

What do you get if you put a methyl group on the first carbon of propane ?

A

You get butane

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57
Q

Does 1-methylpropane exist?

A

NO - its butane

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58
Q

Define structural isomers

A

Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas. (Different names but the same number and type of atoms)

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59
Q

How many isomers of C5H12 are there? Give there names and structural formulae.

A

3 isomers:

  • Pentane
  • 2 methylbutane
  • 2,2 dimethylpropane
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60
Q

Define a homologous series

A

A homologous series is a group of compounds, all members of the group contain the same functional group and successive members differ by CH2.

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61
Q

Define a functional group

A

A functional group is a group of atoms upon which the characteristic properties of a homologous series depends.

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62
Q

What type of bonds are between alkenes?

A

All members of alkenes contain one double bond between two of the carbon atoms.

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63
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

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64
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

They are unsaturated as they contain a multiple bond between two carbon atoms.

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65
Q

(alkenes) C2 –> C4 are …..

A

Gases

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66
Q

(alkenes) C5 –> C16 are ……..

A

Liquids

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67
Q

(alkenes) C17 + are ……

A

Waxy solids

68
Q

What are the alkenes held together by?

A

They are held together by weak Van der Waal forces of attraction.

69
Q

When do boiling points increase?

A

Boiling points increase with increasing chain length due to increases surface contact between molecules and more Van der Waals forces.

70
Q

What does each successive member of the alkenes differ by?

A

CH₂

71
Q

Are alkenes insoluble or soluble in polar solvents such as water?

A

Insoluble

72
Q

Why are alkenes insoluble in polar solvents such as water?

A

As they do not form hydrogen bonds with water as they are non-polar.

73
Q

Name two non-polar solvents that alkenes are soluble in.

A

Chloroform and cyclohexane

74
Q

Are alkenes reactive or unreactive?

A

Reactive

75
Q

Why are alkenes reactive?

A

They are reactive as they are unsaturated

76
Q

What are the two tests that prove unsaturation?

A

Because they are unsaturated they are reactive; alkenes will decolourise bromine water from red/brown to colourless or a dilute solution of potassium manganate (VII) from purple to colourless.

77
Q

What type of reactions do alkenes typically undergo?

A

Ionic addition reactions

78
Q

What happens in ionic addition reactions?

A

The double bond between carbon atoms will become single, the molecule that adds on splits in two and each part adds on to a carbon that was on either side of the double bond. One main product is produced.

79
Q

What is the first member of the alkenes and why?

A

Ethene, as you must have two carbons in the molecule to have a double bond between the carbons.

80
Q

What do the names of alkene end in?

A

Ene i.e ethene, propene etc.

81
Q

What are but-1-ene and but-2-ene?

A

Structural isomers of eachother.

82
Q

What does the number in the middle of the name give?

A

The position of the double bond.

83
Q

How do you determine the direction when naming substituted alkene molecules?

A

We must name in the direction that gives the lowest possible number to the position of the double bond. Once this has been decided the molecule must be named in this direction only.

84
Q

What happens if you put an alkyl group on the first carbon of an alkene?

A

It is simply an extension of the chain

85
Q

What type of bond do all members of the alkynes have?

A

All members of the alkynes have a triple bond between two of the carbon atoms.

86
Q

Are alkynes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

87
Q

What do the names of the alkynes end ?

A

yne i.e ethyne, propyne

88
Q

Is ethyne a gas, a liquid or a solid?

A

A gas

89
Q

What does each successive member of the alkynes differ by?

A

CH₂

90
Q

Are alkynes soluble or insoluble in water?

A

Insoluble

91
Q

Are alkynes polar or non-polar?

A

Non-polar

92
Q

What are alkynes insoluble in water?

A

As they are non-polar and they do not form hydrogen bonds with water

93
Q

What are 2 solvents that alkynes are soluble in?

A

They are soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform or cyclohexane.

94
Q

What proves that alkynes are unsaturated?

A

They are unsaturated and hence decolourise bromine water from red/brown to colourless or a dilute solution of potassium manganate (VII) from purple to colourless thus proving that they are unsaturated.

95
Q

What type of reactions do alkynes typically undergo?

A

Addition reactions

96
Q

What is the common name for ethyne?

A

Acetylene

97
Q

What is ethyne/acetylene used for?

A

It is used for cutting and welding metals in the form of oxyacetylene as when ethyne is burned in oxygen it reaches temperatures of over 3000C

98
Q

Why is alkyne unsaturated?

A

It is unsaturated as it has a triple bond between twon carbons.

99
Q

Define aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons have a benzene ring in their structure

100
Q

Who discovered benzene?

A

Faraday in the early 1800’s.

101
Q

Is benzene saturated or unsaturated? And what is it’s formula?

A

It is a highly unsaturated compound. It’s formula is C6H6.

102
Q

Due to its unsaturation it was expected to undergo addition reactions but was unexpectedly found to be unreactive. Why?

A

Benzene does not have a double or single bonds between the carbons as was originally thought. The length of the carbon-carbon bond in benzene was found to be intermediate length between a single and a double bond. This makes benzene stable and unreactive.

103
Q

Is benzene soluble or insoluble in polar water?

A

Insoluble

104
Q

What shape is benzene?

A

The molecule is hexagonal planar and all bond angles are 120°

105
Q

Why is benzene bad for you?

A

As benzene is carcinogenic and toxic.

106
Q

Discuss the reaction

A

Benzene does not decolourise bromine water or dilute potassium manganate (VII) solution.

107
Q

What is used in preference to benzene in the lab and why?

A

Methylbenzene is used in preference to benzene in the lab as benzene is toxic and carcinogenic. Methylbenzene is also a good organic solvent.

108
Q

What are the three social and applied aspects of aromatic hydrocarbons?

A
  1. Used as solvents in the paints industry.
  2. Form the basis of pharmaceuticals, detergents, dyes and herbicides.
  3. Care must be taken as are carcinogenic.
109
Q

Write a balanced equation of ethane.

A

2 C2H6 + 7 O₂ → 4 CO₂ + 6 H₂O

110
Q

Write a balanced equation of propene.

A

C₃H8 + 5O₂ —> 3CO₂ + 4H₂O

111
Q

Calculate the percentage carbon, by mass, in methylbenzene?

A

C7H8
7C = 7(12) = 84
Mr = 7(12) + 8(1) = 92
84/92 x 100/1 = 91.3%

112
Q

Draw methane and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
  • CH4
  • 2 tetrahedral carbons
113
Q

Draw ethane and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- C₃H8

114
Q

Draw butane and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- C4H10

115
Q

Draw 2 chlorobutane and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- Not a pure alkane

116
Q

Draw 1,2 dichloropropane and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
117
Q

Draw 3 bromo - 1 chlorobutane and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
118
Q

Draw 2,2 dibromo - 3 chlorobutane

A
  • In copy
119
Q

Draw 2 methylbutane

A
  • In copy
120
Q

Draw 1 bromo - 4 chloro - 3 methylpentane

A
  • In copy
121
Q

Draw Pentane

A
  • In copy
122
Q

Draw ethene and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
  • C₂H4
  • 3 bonding pairs
  • Trigonal planar
123
Q

Draw propene and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- C3H6

124
Q

Draw But - 1 - ene and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- C4H8

125
Q

Draw But - 2 - ene and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- C4H8

126
Q

Draw 3 bromo - but - 1 - ene

A
  • In copy
127
Q

What decides the direction ?

A

The double bond

128
Q

What must the chain of carbons include

A
  • The double bond
129
Q

Draw 3 methylbut - 1 - ene and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
  • C5H10
  • 2 planar carbon’s
  • 3 tetrahedral carbon’s
130
Q

Draw ethyne and say its molecular formula and describe it

A
  • In copy
  • C₂H₂
  • Smallest alkyne
  • 2 planar carbons
  • small & light = gas at r.t
131
Q

Are alcohol hydrocarbons?

A

NO

132
Q

What group is alcohol from?

A

Hydroxyl group

133
Q

Draw methanol and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- CH3OH

134
Q

What is the smallest alcohol

A

Methanol

135
Q

What does methanol effect?

A

Optic nerve = permanent affect with large possibility of permanent blindness

136
Q

What has a higher boiling point, methane or methanol?

A

Methanol

137
Q

What determines the direction in alcohols?

A

The OH

138
Q

Draw ethanol and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
  • C₂H5OH
  • Alcohol found in drinks
139
Q

Draw propan - 1 - ol and say its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- C₃H7OH

140
Q

Draw propan - 2 - ol and say its molecular formula and state what type of alcohol it is

A
  • In copy
  • C₃H7OH
  • Secondary alcohol
141
Q

Draw propan - 3 - ol and say its molecular formula and state what type of alcohol it is

A
  • In copy
  • C₃H7OH
  • Secondary alcohol
142
Q

Draw 2 methylpentan - 2 - ol and state what type of alcohol it is

A
  • In copy
  • tertiary alcohol
  • non polar carbon chain
  • polar OH group
143
Q

Draw butan - 1 - ol and state what type of alcohol it is

A
  • In copy

- Primary alcohol

144
Q

Draw butan - 1 - ol and state what type of alcohol it is

A
  • In copy

- Secondary alcohol

145
Q

Draw 4 bromopentan - 2 - ol and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- C4H9BrO

146
Q

Draw methanol and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
  • HCHO / 2HCO?
  • Gas at r.t
147
Q

Draw ethanal and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
  • CH₃CHO
  • Volatile liquid at r.t
  • Low b/p –> 21C
148
Q

Draw propanal and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- C₂H5CHO

149
Q

Carbonyl group is always …..

A

Polar

150
Q

Draw 3 chloropropanal

A
  • In copy
151
Q

Draw propanone (acetone) and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
  • CH₃COCH₃
  • Volatile liquid at r.t
  • Non polar solvent
152
Q

Draw butanone and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- CH₃COC2H5

153
Q

Draw pentan-2-one

A
  • In copy
  • Carbonyl
  • Polar
154
Q

Draw pentan-3-one

A
  • In copy
  • Carbonyl
  • Polar
155
Q

Draw methanoic acid (formic acid)

A
  • In copy

- Found in stinging ants & neetles

156
Q

Draw ethanoic acid and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
  • CH₃COOH
  • Weak acids –> found in vinegar
157
Q

Draw propanoic acid and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy
  • C₂H5COOH
  • Used as a food preservative
158
Q

Draw 4 bromobutanoic acid

A
  • In copy
159
Q

Draw methyl methanoate and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- HCOOCH₃

160
Q

Draw ethyl methanoate and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- HCOOC₂H5

161
Q

Draw methyl ethanoate and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- CH₃COOCH₃

162
Q

Name 3 esters with 4 carbons

A
  • Ethyl ethanoate
  • Methyl propanoate
  • Propyl methanoate
163
Q

Draw ethyl ethanoate and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- CH₃COOC2H5

164
Q

Draw methyl propanoate and state its molecular formula.

A
  • In copy

- C₂H5COOCH₃

165
Q

Draw propyl methanoate and state its molecular formula

A
  • In copy

- HCOOC₃H7

166
Q

What is meant by a homologous series? (L.C)

A

A group of compounds, all members of the group contain the same functional group and successive members differ by CH₂.

Chemistry (Tara) (50 decks)

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