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CHEMISTRY > Organic - 3.9 Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives > Flashcards

Organic - 3.9 Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives Flashcards

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1
Q

What do carboxylic aids form when reacted with carbonates?

A

Carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Why are Carboxylic acids soluble in water?

A

Short chains are very soluble in water.

Highly polar carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups can form hydrogen bonds with water

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3
Q

What salts do Carboxylic acids form?

A

Carboxylate

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4
Q

What is the test for Carboxylic aids?

A
  • Add a spatula of sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate to the solution.
  • If it is a Carboxylic acid, effervescence is observed
  • The gas can be collected and bubbled into lime water which should turn cloudy (CO2 present)
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5
Q

What two reactants form an ester?

A

Carboxylic acid and an alcohol

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6
Q

Where does the ester name come from?

A

The beginning comes from the alcohol and the end comes from the carboxylic aid.

e.g.
Methanol and propanoic acid forms methyl propanoate.

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7
Q

What is esterification?

A

The process of combining a carboxylic acid with alcohol to form an ester and water.

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8
Q

What is the catalyst in esterification?

A

Sulfuric acid

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9
Q

Give 5 uses of esters

A

Plasticisers
Solvents
Perfume
Food flavour
Biodiesel

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10
Q

Give two natural esters

A

Fats and oils
Soaps

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11
Q

What is ester hydrolysis?

A

The breaking of an ester using water resulting in a carboxylic acid and alcohol

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12
Q

What is saponification?

A

The process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohol using sodium hydroxide.

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13
Q

What is the IUPAC name for glycerol?

A

propane-1,2,3-triol

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14
Q

What is the equation for the formation of biodiesel?

A

Vegetable oil + methanol -> glycerol + methyl ester

Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters

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15
Q

What are acid derivatives?

A

Compounds that are related to carboxylic acids as the OH group has been replaced with something else.

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16
Q

What is an acyl chloride?

What is the suffix of acyl chlorides?

A

Carboxylic acid with Cl replacing OH

-anoyl chloride

17
Q

What is an acid anhydride?

What is the suffix?

A

Formed when two molecules of a carboxylic acid join together water is eliminated.

-anoic anhydride

18
Q

What is an amide?

What is the suffix?

A

A carboxylic acid with NH2 replacing OH

-anamide

19
Q

What is acylation?

A

The process of replacing a hydrogen atom in certain molecules with an acyl group.

20
Q

What is the acylation reaction called?

A

NucleophilIc addition-elimination

21
Q

What are the three products of acylation?

A

Amides
Carboxylic acids
Esters

22
Q

What two compounds undergo acylation?

A

Acyl chlorides
Acid anhydrides

23
Q

What are the four nucleophiles in a nucleophilic addition elimination reaction?

A

Water
Alcohol
Ammonia
Amine

24
Q

What are the advantages of using ethanoic anhydride over ethanoyl chloride when manufacturing aspirin?

A

It is cheaper

It is safer to use as it is less corrosive, reacts slowly with water and doesn’t produce dangerous hydrogen chloride fumes.

25
Q

Product of acyl chloride and water

A

Carboxylic acid and HCl

26
Q

Product of acyl chloride and alcohol

A

Ester and HCl

27
Q

Product of acyl chloride and ammonia

A

Amide and HCl

28
Q

Product of acyl chloride and primary amines

A

N-substituted amide and HCl

29
Q

Product of acid anhydride and water

A

Two carboxylic acids

30
Q

Product of acid anhydride and alcohol

A

Ester and carboxylic acid

31
Q

Product of acid anhydride and alcohol

A

Ester and carboxylic acid

32
Q

Product of acid anhydride and ammonia

A

Amide and carboxylic acid

33
Q

Product of acid anhydride and primary amines

A

N-substituted amide and carboxylic acid

34
Q

Mechanism for nucleophilic addition-elimination

A

Step 1
1) Arrow from electron pair on nucleophile to carbon on C=O.
2) Arrow from double bond on C=O to oxygen on C=O

Step 2
1) Arrow from electron pair on top O
2) Arrow from C-Cl bond to Cl
3) Arrow from O+-H/N+-H bond at bottom to N+/O+

Step 3
1) Forms C=O and C-OH/OCH2CH3/NH2/NHCH3

CHEMISTRY (34 decks)

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