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year 9 chemistry > organic > Flashcards

organic Flashcards

1
Q

do alkanes or alkenes have a double bond

A

alkenes

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2
Q

general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

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3
Q

which type of hydro carbon is unsaturated and why

A

alkenes because of the double bond. This bond also makes them more reactive

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4
Q

are alkanes saturated or unsaturated

A

saturated

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5
Q

how to remember if rules about hydro carbons

A

alkenes are unsaturated because of their double bond - They have bonds that could be use in other places so they are “unsaturated”

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6
Q

what is the empirical formula

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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7
Q

what is a homologous series

A

group of compounds that can all be represented by the same general formula

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8
Q

what is the functional group for alkenes

A

C=C

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9
Q

what is the functional groups for alcohols

A

O-H

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10
Q

what is the functional group for carboxylic acids

A

C=OOH

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11
Q

what is the functional group for esters

A

c=oo

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12
Q

what is an isomer

A

same molecular formula but atoms are arranged differently or same number of protons different number of neutrons

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13
Q

how is crude oil split up

A

The oil is heated until it is a gas. They then enter a fractionating column, which is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top. When they reach the part of the column that is lower than their boiling point they condense and drain out of the column. Shorter chain hydro carbons have lower boiling points. Bubble caps stop the liquids from running back down the column

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14
Q

properties of long chain hydrocarbons

A

high poling points and viscous (thick and gloopy)

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15
Q

why are long chain hydro carbons split

A

short chain hydro carbons are in higher demand so they are split into shorter chain hydro carbons

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16
Q

what type of reaction is cracking

A

thermal decomposition - breaking down molecules into smaller ones by heating

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17
Q

what does cracking produce

A

alkenes

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18
Q

what are the conditions for cracking

A

vaporized hydro carbons are passes over a powdered catalyst at about 600-700 degrees. Silica or alumina are used as a catalyst.

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19
Q

complete combustion equation

A

hydrocarbon+oxygen->carbon dioxide + water

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20
Q

what is incomplete combustion

A

It happens when there is not enough oxygen, as well as carbon dioxide and water it produces carbon monoxide - toxic gas and carbon in form of soot

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21
Q

why is carbon monoxide dangerous

A

it binds with haemoglobin to stop red blood cells carrying oxygen around the body = fainting, coma or death

22
Q

what is acid rain caused by

A

sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

23
Q

what does sulfur dioxide come from

A

sulfur impurities in hydrocarbon fuels

24
Q

how are nitrogen oxides made

A

when the temperature is high enough for nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react e.g. in car engines

25
Q

what happens when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with water vapour in clouds

A

they form dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid = acid rain

26
Q

what happens when halogens and alkanes react

A

they form haloalkanes. A hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen = substitution reaction.

27
Q

what happens when halogens react with alkenes

A

they form haloalkanes. This is an addition reaction because the c-c double bond is split open and the halogens are added on.

28
Q

how do you test for alkene

A

shake with orange bromine water and it will go colourless

29
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

30
Q

what the is alcohols functional group

A

OH

31
Q

what happens when alcohols are oxidized

A

they form carboxylic acids

32
Q

what is an oxidizing agent used to turn alcohol to carboxylic acids

A

potassium dichromate (VI) in dilute sulfuric acid

33
Q

when is microbial oxidization

A

when some organisms use alcohols as an energy source, they use oxygen in the air to oxidize alcohols.

34
Q

what happens when alcohols are burnt

A

they are oxidised

35
Q

how is ethanol produced by ethene and steam

A

Ethene reacts with steam to make ethanol. This is an addition reaction because water is added to the molecule. The reaction needs a temp of 300 degrees and 60-70 atmospheres. Phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst.

36
Q

pros of cons of ethene + steam

A

cheap , crude oil is non- renewable

37
Q

how is ethanol made by fermentation

A

sugar is converted into ethanol using yeast. Yeast cells contain an enzyme. The mixture need to be at 30 degrees and have anaerobic conditions as other wise the ethanol would turn into ethanoic acid.

38
Q

pros and cons of fermentation

A

renewable resources, ethanol isn’t very concentrated and needs to be distilled and purified.

39
Q

what is the carboxylic acid functional group

A

COOH

40
Q

what do carboxylic acids produce when reacting with metal carbonates

A

salt, water , carbon dioxide

41
Q

what do carboxylic acids produce when reacting with metals

A

salt and hydrogen

42
Q

how is vinegar made

A

ethanoic acid is dissolved in water to make vinegar

43
Q

what is the ester functional group

A

COO

44
Q

how are esters formed

A

alcohol and a carboxylic acid
an acid catalyst is used e.g. concentrated sulfuric acid

45
Q

how do you make esters in the lab

A

add a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to a boiling tube using a dropping pipette, add 10 drops of ethanoic acid, add an equal volume of ethanol. Place the beaker in a beaker of water and place on a tri pod. Use a Bunsen burner till the water starts to boil, then turn it off. After 1 minute remove the tube and allow it it cool. Then pour the mixture into a test tube of sodium carbonate solution and mix. A layer of the ester should form on top of the solution.

46
Q

why are esters useful

A

used in perfumes and food flavourings

47
Q

what are addition polymers made from

A

un saturated monomers

48
Q

how do you draw the repeat unit of a polymer

A
49
Q

why are polymers hard to dispose of

A

addition polymers are inert - the c-c bonds are strong, they take ages to bio degrade and burning produces toxic gases

50
Q

what are polyesters

A

condenstation polymers

51
Q

what are biodegradable polyesters known as and why

A

biopolyesters- they are broken down by bacteria and other living organisms in the environment

year 9 chemistry (24 decks)

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