organic

Question 1

what is a homologous series

Answer 1

compounds that can all be represented by the same general formula

Question 2

what is the general formula for alkanes

Answer 2

CnH2n+n

Question 3

what is the functional group of alkenes

Answer 3

carbon double bond
C=C

Question 4

what is the functional group for alcohols

Answer 4

0-H

Question 5

what is the functional group for carboxylic acids

Answer 5

-COOH

Question 6

what is the functional group for esters

Answer 6

O

C-0

Question 7

what is the functional group

Answer 7

tells you what homologous series the molecule is in

Question 8

what is an isomer

Answer 8

same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged difficult

Question 9

what is the general formula of an alcohol

Answer 9

CnH2n+1OH
e.g
methanol
CH3OH

Question 10

what do alcohols from when oxidised

Answer 10

carboxylic acids

Question 11

what happens when something is oxidised

Answer 11

gains oxygen

Question 12

what happens when ethanol is heated with acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

Answer 12

it forms athanoic acid

Question 13

what happens to potassium dichomate (V1) when heating ethanol

Answer 13

it turns from orange to green as it oxidises the alcohol

Question 14

what happens to alcohols when they are burnt

Answer 14

they are oxidised (complete combustion)

Question 15

what are the products of complete combustion

Answer 15

water and carbon dioxide

Question 16

what are the 2 ways ethanol can be produced

Answer 16

from ethen and steam
by fermentation

Question 17

how is ethanol produced by ethene and steam

Answer 17

ethene will react with steam to make ethanol
this is an addition reaction because water is added to the molecule
the reaction needs a temo of 300 degrees and a pressure of 60-70 atmosphered
phospheric acid is used as a catalyst

Question 18

what is a pro and con of producing ethanol using ethene and steam

Answer 18

ethene is cheap
crude oil is non renewable so will become expensive

Question 19

how is ethanol produced by fermentation

Answer 19

1) the raw material for fermentation is sugar e.g. glucose . This is converted into ethanol using yeast
2) Yeast cells contain an enzyme
3)The fermentation mixture needs to be at 30 degrees for fermentation to happen fastest.
3)The mixture must stay in anearobic conditions (no oxygen) as the oxygen converts ethanol into ethanoic acid

Question 20

what are pros and cons of producing ethanol by fermentation

Answer 20

all the resources used are renewable
the ethanol isnt very concentrated

Question 21

what is the functional group for carboxylic acids

Answer 21

-COOH

Question 22

what do carboxylic acids react to form
and what do the name of the salts end in

Answer 22

salts that end in -anoate

Question 23

what would ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate form

Answer 23

sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

Question 24

what would ethanoic acid magnesium form

Answer 24

magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen

Question 25

what functional group do esters have

Answer 25

-COOC-

Question 26

what are esters formed from

Answer 26

alcohol and a carboxylic acid
a acid catalyst is normal used

Question 27

how do you make esters (practical)

Answer 27

1)add a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to a boiling tube using a pipette
2)add 10 drops of ethanoic acid
3)add an equal volume of ethanol
4)place the boiling tube in a beaker of water on a tripod
5)heat until the water starts to boil then turn off the bunsen
6)after 1 minute remove the tube and allow it to cool
7)once its cool pour the mixture into a test tube of sodium carbonate solution and mix. A layer of the ester should form on top of the solution.

Question 28

what are esters used for

Answer 28

perfume + food flavourings