Organic Flashcards
General formula
Algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds
Empirical form
Simplest whole number ratio of Elmer’s in a compound
Molecular formula
Acc n.o of atoms of each element in a molecule eg C4 H10 O
Structural formula
Shows the atoms carbon by carbon with attached hydrogens and functional groups eg CH3CH2CH2
Skeletal form
Shows bonds of carbon skeleton and any functional groups
Hydrogen and carbon atoms aren’t shown
Displayed
Shows how all atoms are arranged and all bonds between them
Homologous series
Group of compounds with same functional group and similar chemical properties
How does each successive member of homologous series differ
By a CH2 group
Functional group
Part of mol that determines how it reacts
What is nomenclature
Naming of organic molecules by IUPAC
Number of carbons for each prefix
Meth - 1 hex - 6
Eth - 2 Hept - 7
Prop - 3 Oct - 8
But - 4 Non - 9
Pent -5 Dec - 10
Alkanes functional group and suffix
C-C
- ane
Alkenes
C=C
-ene
Haloalkanes func group and prefix and suffix
C-X (X is halogen)
Chloro
Bromo
Fluoro
Iodo
- ane
Alcohol
OH
-anol
Aldehyde
CHO. O
||
C
\
H
Carbonyl group on the end of chain
- anal
Ketone
C(O)H
Carbonyl group in middle
- anone
Carboxylic acid
COOH
- anooic acid
Rules for naming
1)
Find longest carbon chain + count
To decide prefix ( meth eth prop etc)
2)
Look for func group and decide suffix (anol ene ane)
3)
Number func group w lowest number
4
Look for additional things attached to chain
5
Number additional things
Methyl group
CH3
Ethyl
CH2 - CH3
Where does number come
Before it’s thing in the chain
Prefix for 2 3 4 halogen
Di
Tri
Tetra
How are things arranged
Alphabetically
How do you number something with 2 of a thing eg carbon w 2 chlorine’s attached
2, 2 - di Choro
Between letters and numbers
Dash
Between numbers and numbers
Comma
How are alcohol groups named
Numbering occurs within the name
Eg pentan - 2 - ol
Structural isomers
Molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula
Can be done by adding methyl groups
Functional group isomers
Molecules have same molecular formula but different functional groups
Chain isomers
Differ the arrangement of the hydrocarbon chain
Eg adding a branched methyl group
Positional isomers
Have diff postions of functional group on the hydrocarbon chain
Eg 1- chloro butane and 2 chloro butane
Stereoisomers def
Same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space
Single covalent bonds are….
Fully rotational
Double covalent bonds have ..
Restricted rotation
So isomers with restricted movement have their atoms …
Either on the same side or opposite sides
What are these isomers called
Geometrical isomers
If atoms on the same side they are ….. isomers
Cis isomers / Z isomers
Is atoms are on opposite sides they’re
Trans/ E isomers
geometric isomers aka
e/z isomers
What 2 conditions have to be met for Alkene to have e/z isomer
Double bond C —> must be attached to 2 diff groups/atoms
At least one of the groups must be the same on both carbon atoms on the double bond
Groups on Z isomer
The same side
Groups on E isomer are on the
Opposite side
Trans isomers
When naming E/Z isomers you put the…
E or Z before the isomer name
First CIP rule for E/Z isomers
Look at the atoms attached to the carbons on either side of the double bond
Element with greatest atomic number is given priority
So an isomer is an E isomer if via CIP
The highest priority groups are on opposite side
An isomer is a Z isosmer via CIP if
The highest priority groups are on the Same side
what is a hydrocarbon
mol that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only
saturated …
singe carbon - carbon bonds
alkanes
unsaturated …
double carbon=carbon bonds
alkenes
what is crude oil
mixture of alkanes
sep crude oil by….
fractional distillation using fractionating column
how does frac dist work (hint bp)
sep alkanes based on bp that is determined by length of hydrocarbon chain
longer chain=higher bp
more van dew waals forces
frac column - how does it cool
heat crude oil
vapour in
crude oil vapour rises and will cool
short chains at top of colum - cooler
long chain at botton where its hotter
as it cools vapour will condesne when they reach their bp –> collected as fractions
cracking
breaking long chained alkanes into short more useful alkenes that are higher in demand and make more money due to low supply and high demand is short alkames and alkenes worth lots of money.
complete combustion prod
carbon dioxide and water
incomplete combustion prod
carbon monoxide (CO) and water
or carbon and water
test for alkenes
bromine sol
orange to colourless