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Chem > 3.3.11- amines > Flashcards

3.3.11- amines Flashcards

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1
Q

An amine is derived from _____ and all contain a ______ atom where hydrogens are replaced with an organic group (eg alkyl group)

A

An amine is derived from ammonia and all contain a nitrogen atom where hydrogens are replaced with an organic group (eg alkyl group)

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2
Q

5 types of amines

A

Primary amine - 1 organic group
Secondary amine - 2 organic groups
Tertiary amines - 3 organic groups
quaternary ion - 4 organic groups
Phenyl amine - (aromatic amines still primary)

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3
Q

Name of quaternary ion

A

tetramethylamine ion

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4
Q

Non aromatic amines are also known as …

A

Aliphatic Amines

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5
Q

Quaternary ammonium salts are used to make…

A

Cleaning products
- detergents

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6
Q

Quaternary ammonium salts are used to make…

A

Cleaning products
- shampoo
- laundry detergents
- washing up liquids

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7
Q

Quaternary ammonium salts with long hydrocarbon tails are called …

A

Cationic surfactants

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8
Q

How do cationic surfucahts work

A

Their non polar tails are attracted to oil/grease
Polar head attracted to water
Allows water and oil to mix removing grease from clothes, skin and dishes

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9
Q

How do cationic surfactants work in hair condionger and softener

A

They have a positive ammonium ion which is attracted to negatively charged fibres and hair
This removes static so can be used in hair conditioner

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10
Q

A base is a …

A

Proton acceptor

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11
Q

How are amines able to act as bases

A

Amines have a lone pair of electrons that allows them to accept a proton and hence act as a base
A proton bonds to amine via a dative covalent bond
Both electrons in the bond come from LP on nitrogen

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12
Q

Strength of base dep on …

A

Availability of LP on nitrogen
⬆️ e- density comes = e- ⬆️ readily available = ⬆️ alkyl groups = ⬆️ inductive effect

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13
Q

Order of base strength from strongest to weakest from ammonia ,
Primary aliphatic amines and aromatic amines

A

Weakest base;
1) Aromatic amines
2) ammonia
3) primary aliphatic amines
(Strongest)

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14
Q

Why are aromatic amines the weakest base

A

Benzene is a electron withdrawing group
Lone pair on N is delocalised into the benzene ring (pulls e- away)
Decreased e- density on nitrogen
LP less available

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15
Q

Primary aliphatic amines is a strong base bc

A

Alkyl groups are electron pushing groups so push electrons toward N
Increased inductive effect
LP on nitrogen more available

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16
Q

Amines act as bases and …

A

Nucleophiles

17
Q

2 ways to make aliphatic amines

A

1) Reacting it with a halogeno alkane with excess ammonia
2) reducing a nitrile

18
Q

Products of nucleophillic substitution with amine

A

A primary amine
Ammonium chloride salt

19
Q

Why is it important to mention excess amine in nuc sub

A

2 mol of NH3 are needed in mechanism

20
Q

Downside of using nuc sub when reacting halogenoalkane with excess ammonia

A

Reaction produces primary secondary tertiary amines and quaternary salts
So thus product is impure

21
Q

Why is are multiple types of Amines produced in nuc sub of
Amines (halogenoalkane and excess ammonia)

A

This occurs bc prismry amines still have a LP of electrons so also acts as a nucleophile
The amine can react with any remaining halogenoalkanes to produce secondary Amiens a—> then tertiary and quaternary salts

22
Q

Reagent and conditions for reducing nitriles

A

Hydrogen gas
Nickel or platinum catalyst
High pressure and temp

23
Q

Reducing amines also known as …

A

Catalytic hydrogenation

24
Q

Adv of red nitriles over nuc sub

A

Only produces primary Amines (pur prod)
Cheaper

25
Q

Reagent and conditions using a stronger reducing agent when reducing nitriles

A

LiAIH4 (lith aluminium hydride)
Dilute acid

26
Q

Cons of using stronger red agent

A

Expensive

27
Q

Reducing nitriles using stronger reducing agent also known as …

A

Reduction

28
Q

What is used to symbolise reducing agent
What is it dissolved in

A

[H]
Non aqueous solvent
Eg dry ether

29
Q

Aromatic amines are made by …

A

Reducing nitro compounds
Eg nitrobenzene

30
Q

Aromatic amines are used to make

A

Dyes
Pharmaceuticals

31
Q

Step one of making aromatic amine

A

Heat nitrobenzene under reflux
W conc HCL and * tin catalyst*
To form a salt
Eg C6H5NH3 ^+CL^-

32
Q

Step two of producing aromatic amines

A

The salt produced in step one is reacted with an alkali
Eg NaOH
To produce an aromatic amine such as phenylamine

33
Q

Amides are derivatives of ______ ____
And wahg is their func group

A

Carboxylic acids
- C = O
\
NN2
Instead of having OH group like in carboxylic acid we have NH2

34
Q

What is an N - Substiuted amide

A

One of the hydrogens in the NH2 group is replaced with an alkyl group

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