Organ function: Liver and Kidney Flashcards
cholestasis occurs within the bile canaliculi and bile ductules of the liver.
Intrahepatic Cholestasis
cholestasis occurs outside of the liver in the gallbladder or common bile
duct.
Extrahepatic cholestasis
is a pigment that is produced by the
degradation of the heme portion of hemoglobin
and myoglobin and, to a smaller extent,
non-heme porphyrins.
Bilirubin
Increased erythrocyte breakdown with hemolytic disease or following internal hemorrhage causes increased bilirubin production.
➔ The resulting increase in bilirubin concentration overwhelms hepatic uptake, conjugation, and/or secretion capacities.
Pre-hepatic hyperbilirubinemia
➔ Loss of hepatic function results in decreased capacity for bilirubin uptake and conjugation.
➔ Anorexia or fasting in horses decreases bilirubin uptake by hepatocytes.
➔ Total bilirubin concentration may reach 10mg/dL in otherwise healthy horses.
➔ Sepsis may decrease bilirubin uptake.
Hepatic bilirubinemia
post-hepatic bilirubinemia
decreased secretion of bilirubin into bile
accumulates in the skin due to
hepatic insufficiency, reacting
with sunlight and causing
dermatitis.
Phylloerythrin
Preferred method of urine
collection in large animals; may reduce contamination.
Clean catch / midstream
Preferred method of urine collection in small
mammals (e.g., dogs, cats, etc.)
➔ Must only be performed when the bladder contains a sufficient volume of urine and palpable, permitting needle puncture without risk of damage.
Cystocentesis
Presence of abnormal pigments in the urine
Pigmenturia
“Roots”.
➢ Normal in healthy
dalmatians, and English bulldog.
➢ May suggest liver dysfunction,
portosystemic
shunts.
Ammonium Bi urate
“Filaments”.
➢ Seen with
Bilirubinemia.
Bilirubin crystals
“Clubs”.
➢ Normal in healthy
herbivores.
Calcium carbonate
“Diamond”.
➢ Seen in healthy
mammals, but may
suggest possible
hypercalciuria or
hyperoxaluria
Calcium oxalate
➢ “Star”.
➢ Seen in healthy dogs.
➢ Also seen in dogs with
persistent
alkalinuria.
Calcium phosphate
