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academic weapon > ORG ANA: Perineum > Flashcards

ORG ANA: Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the diamond shaped area below the pelvic cavity

A

perineum

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2
Q

what covers the perineum

A

levator ani, coccygeus and fascia ng pelvic diaphragm

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3
Q

boundaries of the urogenital

A

ant - pubic symphysis

lat - ischial tub connect m

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4
Q

boundaries of perineum

A

ant - pubic symphysis

lat - ischiopubic rami and sarcotub ligaments

post - tip of coccyx

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5
Q

anal triangle boundries

A

lat - ischial tub and sarcotub ligaments

post - tip of coccyx

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6
Q

divisions of perineum

A

urogenital - associated w openings of urinary and reproductive

anus - has anus and external anal sphincter

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7
Q

aka central tendon of perineum

A

perineal body

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8
Q

function of perineal body

A

attachment of muscles and fascia and is important for stability and integrity

attachment din ng urorectal septum

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9
Q

attachment in perineal body in males

A

bulb of penis and anus

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10
Q

where is perineal body in females

A

betw vagina and anus

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11
Q

what is the perineal membrane

A

anchored in perineal body and pubic arch

sa urogenital lng - supports external genitalia

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12
Q

what is the ischiorectal fossa

A

located on each side of anal opening - so anus is midline of each side neto

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13
Q

describe the anal canal

A

1.5 in long - from rectal ampulla to anus

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14
Q

what keeps the lateral wall of anal canal in place

A

by levator ani and anal sphincter

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15
Q

posterior rela of anal canal

A

anococcygeal body - fibrous tissue betw anal canal and coccyx

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16
Q

laterally rela of anal canal

A

ischiorectal fossa

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17
Q

anterior rela of anal canal in males

A

perineal body, urogenital diaphragm, membranous urethra and bulb

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18
Q

anterior rela of anal canal in females

A

perineal body, urogenital diaphragm, vagina

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19
Q

function of dentate or pectinate line

A

divides anal canal into upper and lower

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20
Q

cells of lower anal canal

A

squamous epithelium

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21
Q

cells of upper anal canal

A

columnar epithelium

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22
Q

name of vertical folds in upper anal canal

A

morgagni colums and crypts pag joined by anal valves

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23
Q

how does anal glands work

A

4-8 anal glands drain into crypts of morgagni at level of pectinate line

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24
Q

nerve supp of upper anal canal

A

hypogastric plexus - stretch only

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25
Q

blood supp of upper anal canal

A

superior rectal artery and superior rectal vein

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26
Q

blood supp of lower anal canal

A

inferior rectal art and vein

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27
Q

nerve supp of lower anal canal

A

inferior rectal nerve - pain, temp, touch and pressure

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28
Q

describe the muscle coat of anal canal

A

outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle

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29
Q

compare the internal and external sphincter

A

internal - involuntary

external - voluntary

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30
Q

what forms the internal sphincter

A

thickening of smooth muscle of circular coat at upper end of canal

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31
Q

what are the attachments of the external sphincter

A

subcutaneous - jus under skin

superficial - attaches to the perineal body and coccyx

deep - surrounds the anal canal

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32
Q

what is responsible for the sling of anal canal

A

puborectalis attached anterior to pubic bone

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33
Q

what forms the anorectal ring

A

internal sphincter, deep external sphincter and puborectalis

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34
Q

where is the anorectal ring found

A

at anorectal junction

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35
Q

blood supp of anal sphincter

A

upper - superior artery
lower - inferior artery

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36
Q

innervation of anal sphincter

A

upper - hypogastric plexus so stretch

lower - inferior rectal nerve so pain, temp, touch and pressure

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37
Q

nerve supply of internal sphincter

A

involuntary - sympathetic fibers from inferior hypogastric plexus

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38
Q

nerve supply of external sphincter

A

voluntary - inferior rectal from pudendal and perineal branch of S4

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39
Q

how does defecation occur

A

initiated by stretch receptors

coordinated reflex of descending, sigmoid rectum and anal canal

assisted by intra-abdominal pressure from anterior abdominal wall

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40
Q

explain process of defecation

A

stimulate stretch receptor

rise intra-abdominal psi inhibits contraction of sphincters and puborectalis

mucous membrane of lower anal canal is extruded then returned to anal canal by tone of longitudinal fibers and puborectalis muscle

empty lumen of anal canal is closed by tonic contraction of sphincter

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41
Q

holding phase

A

puborectalis and sphincters are contracted

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42
Q

initiation phase

A

puborectalis and sphincters relax

levator ani, diaphragm and abs contract

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43
Q

completion phase

A

sphincters relax and rectum contracts

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44
Q

wedge shape space of each side of anal canal

A

ischiorectal fossa or ischioanal

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45
Q

function of ischiorectal fossa

A

allows movement of pelvic diaphragm and expansion of anal canal in defecation

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46
Q

boundaries of ischiorectal fossa

A

lateral - ischium

medial - levator ani

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47
Q

contents of ischiorectal fossa

A

fat which supports anal canal

pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessel

inferior rectal vessels and nerves

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48
Q

what causes an ischio-anal abcess

A

mucosa can be torn by hard feces - and infection and inflammation from anal cana can spread to it

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49
Q

ischo-anal abcess that spreads betw sphincters

A

intersphincteric fistula

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50
Q

what causes internal hemorrhoids

A

varicosity of superior rectal vein

usually w/in anal canal and can enlarge and extrude in defecation

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51
Q

1st deg internal hemorrhoids

A

w/in canal

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52
Q

2nd deg internal hemorrhoids

A

extrude from canal but returns at end of defecation

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53
Q

3rd deg internal hemorrhoids

A

prolapse and remains outside of anus

54
Q

what causes external hemorrhoids

A

varicosities of tributaries inferior rectal vein - sa lower half n ng anal canal

55
Q

what is anal fissure

A

elongated ulcer vv painful - from chronic constipation

56
Q

where is anal fissure common

A

midline posterior

57
Q

boundaries of urogenital triangle

A

pubic arch
ischiopubic rami and ischial rub
connect to ischial tub

58
Q

layers of urogenital triangle

A

skin
superficial perineal fascia
deep perineal fascia
superifcial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

59
Q

the superficial fatty layer is aka as

A

camper’s fascia

60
Q

the superficial fatty layer is continous w _____

A

fat of ischioanal fossa and superficial fascia of thigh

61
Q

the superficial fatty layer becomes ___ at scrotum

A

dartos muscle

62
Q

the deep membranous layer is aka as

A

colle’s structure

63
Q

the deep membranous layer is attached to ___

A

posterior perineal body and membrane and laterally to pubic arch

64
Q

the deep membranous layer is continous w ______

A

superficial fascia of anterior abdominal wall (scarpas) until penis/clitoris

continous w scrotum or labi majora

65
Q

loc of superficial perineal pouch

A

superficial perineal fascia and perineal membrane

66
Q

desrcibe superficial perineal pouch

A

closed post by perineal membrane and body

closed lat by membranous layer of superfiscial fascia and perineal membrane of pubic arch

67
Q

contents of superficial perineal pouch

A

bulb of penis/vestibule and bulbospongiosus muscle
crura of penis/clit
ischiocavernous muscle
superficial transverse perineal muscle
perineal nerves and vessels
greater vestibular glands - female

68
Q

loc of deep perineal space

A

deep to urogenital diaphragm - fills the urogenital hiatus

69
Q

contents of deep perineal space

A

urethra
inferior external urethral sphincter
neurovascular branches of
external urethral sphincter
anterior recess of ischioanal fossa
vagina
bulbourethral glands
deep transverse perineal muscle

70
Q

what makes up the penis

A

3 masses of erectile tissue - bulb tas R and L crura

71
Q

where is the bulb located

A

midline and attached to undersurface of urogenital diapraghm attached to perineal muscle

72
Q

what covers bulb of the penis

A

bulbospongiosus muscle

73
Q

what covers the crura of penis

A

ischiocavernosus muscle

74
Q

the bulb continues into the _____

A

body and corpus spongiosum

75
Q

what composes the body of the penis

A

2 corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum enclosed by bucks fascia

76
Q

what is the distal expanded part of corpus spongiosum

A

glans penis

77
Q

what is the prepuce

A

aka foreskin - hoodlike of skin that covers the glans penis

78
Q

what is the function of frenulum

A

connects glands to urethra orifice

79
Q

what the blood supp of corpus cavernosa

A

deep arteries of penis

80
Q

what the blood supp of corpus spongiosum

A

artery of the bulb and dorsal artery of penis

81
Q

nerve supp of penis

A

pudendal nerve and pelvic plexus

82
Q

what does the scrotum contain

A

testes, epididymis and spermatic cord

83
Q

loc of scrotum

A

outpouching at lower part of anterior abdominal wall

84
Q

discuss laters of scrotum

A

skin
superficial fascia
external spermatic fascia
cremasteric fascia
internal spermatic fascia
tunica vaginalis

85
Q

it covers anterior, medial and lateral surface of testis

A

tunica vaginalis

86
Q

comes from external oblique

A

external spermatic fascia

87
Q

comes from internal oblique

A

cremasteric fascia

88
Q

what comes from fascia transversalis

A

internal spermatic fascia

89
Q

blood supp of scrotum

A

from subcutaneous plexus and arteriovenous anastomoses

  • promotes heat loss
90
Q

nerve supp of anterior scrotum

A

lioinguinal and genital branch of genitofemoral

91
Q

nerve supp of posterior scrotum

A

branches of perineal and posterior cutaneous n. of thigh

92
Q

what consist the vulva

A

mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
vestibule
vestibular bulbs
greater vestibular glands

93
Q

space posterior to clit and labia minora

A

vestibule

94
Q

what does the vestibule contain

A

openings of urethra, vagina, ducts of greater and lesser vestibular glands

95
Q

blood supp of vulva

A

from external and internal pudendal

96
Q

nerve supp of anterior vulva

A

ilioinguinal n. and genital branch of genitofemoral n.

97
Q

nerve supp of posterior vulva

A

branches of perineal nerve and posterior cutaneous n. of thigh

98
Q

equivalent to male penis

A

clitoris

99
Q

parts of the clitoris

A

root
body
glans

100
Q

loc of clitoris

A

at apex and anterior to vestibule

101
Q

composition of root of clit

A

bulb of vestibule and R and L of clit

102
Q

what covers bulb of clit

A

bulbospongiosus muscle

103
Q

what covers bulb of clit

A

bulbospongiosus

104
Q

what covers crura of clit

A

ischiocavernous muscle

105
Q

what composes body of clit

A

2 corpus cavernosum covered by ischiocavernosus muscle

106
Q

describe the glans of the clit

A

erectile tissue w numerous sensory endings; hidden by prepuce

107
Q

blood supp of clit

A

internal pudendal artery

108
Q

nerve of supp clit

A

pudendal nerve

109
Q

surrounds orifice of vagina and vestibular bulbs

A

bulbopsongiosus - also extends to corpus cavernosum of clit

110
Q

function of bulbopsongiosus

A

reduces size of vagina orifice and compresses the deep dorsal vein of clitoris to assist erection

111
Q

found on each side and covers the crus of clit

A

ischiocavernosus - also assists in erection of clit

112
Q

muscles of superficial perineal pouch

A

bulbospongiosum
ischiocavernosus
superficial transverse perineal

113
Q

describe the perineal body in female

A

larger kesa s males

114
Q

function of perineal body

A

attachment ng levator and assists posterior wall of vagina

115
Q

parts of deep perineal pouch in female

A

urethra, vagina, sphincter urethra,
deep transverse perineal
internal pudendal vessels and branches
dorsal nerves of clit

116
Q

what is the vagina

A

muscular tube between uterus and vulva

117
Q

what is the hymen

A

thin mucosal fold tas perforated sa center

118
Q

loc of upper vagina

A

above pelvic floor inside true pelvis

119
Q

loc of lower vagina

A

in perineum betw urethra and anal canal

120
Q

function of vagina

A

genital canal and excretory duct for mens

121
Q

what support upper vagina

A

levator ani
transverse cervical
pubocervical and sacrocervical ligs

122
Q

what support middle vagina

A

perineal membrane

123
Q

what support lower vagina

A

perineal body

124
Q

blood supp of vagina

A

vagina artery from internal iliac

vaginal branch of uterine artey

125
Q

nerve of vagina

A

inferior hypogastric plexus

126
Q

loc of urethra

A

traverses sphincter urethra until in front of vagina

127
Q

what are located at sides of urethral meatus

A

paraurethral glands - skene’s

128
Q

loc of bartholins glands

A

under the cover of psoterior parts of vestibule bulb and labia majora

129
Q

function of bartholins glands

A

secrete lubricating mucus during sex

130
Q

where does lesser vestibular glands open to

A

small ducts on each side of external urethral orifice

131
Q

desrcibe the path of catheterization in male

A

external orifice sa glans
spongy urethra
membranous part
prostatic part
preprostatic
urethral floor
bladder

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