Oral Pathology Test 1 Flashcards
What forms the primary palate?
Merger of the medial nasal processes
What forms the secondary palate?
Maxillary processes of the first branchial arches
What is the rule of 10’s?
10 weeks, 10 pounds, 10 g % HM
What form of cleft lip/palate is most common non-syndromically?
Both
What form of cleft lip/palate is most common syndromically?
Cleft palate only
What three symptoms are typically present in Pierre Robin Syndrome?
- CP, 2. Mandibular micrognathia and 3. Glossoptosis
What causes a lateral facial cleft?
Failure of the maxillary and mandibular processes to fuse
What causes an oblique facial cleft?
Failure of fusion of the maxillary process with the lateral nasal process
What causes a median cleft of the upper lip?
Failure of the fusion of the medial nasal processes
What is the prevalence of facial clefting in Native Americans?
1:250
What is the prevalence of facial clefting in Asians?
1:300
What is the prevalence of facial clefting in Whites?
1:700
What is the prevalence of facial clefting in African Americans?
1:1500
What form of clefting is most common in males?
Both
What form of clefting is most common in females?
Cleft palate only
What is it called when the palate has a small area that fails to fuse that is covered with gingival tissue?
Submucous palatal cleft
What is it called when you have “dimples” in the corners of your mouth?
Commissural lip pits
What is it called when you have “dimples” in the middle of your lower lip?
Paramedian lip pits
What syndrome is associated with “dimples” in the middle of your lower lip?
Van der Woude syndrome
What three things are important to remember about the syndrome that causes “dimples” in the lower lip?
- Autosomal dominant, 2. CL + CP and 3. Most common form of syndromic clefting
What are the three symptoms indicative of Ascher syndrome?
- Double lip, 2. Blepharochalasis and 3. Nontoxic thyroid enlargement
What are sebaceous glands on the lips known as?
Fordyce granules
What would the diagnosis be if the patient exhibits white lesions found bilaterally on the buccal mucosa that do not rub off, but disappear when the cheek is stretched?
Leukoedema
What group is especially likely to have white lesions on the buccal mucosa that do not rub off, but disappear when the cheek is stretched?
African Americans
What two things are the main cause of macroglossia?
- Vascular malformations and 2. Muscular hypertrophy
What group experiences macroglossia more than any other?
Children
What syndrome is associated with macroglossia?
Beckwith-Wiedmann syndrome
Should a bulge be present on the patient’s tongue between the middle 2/3 and the back 1/3, what is it likely?
Lingual Thyroid
What are the two names of cracks covering the tongue?
- Fissure tongue and 2. Scrotal tongue
What two names are associated with the syndrome that is characterized by inflammation that spreads around the tongue frequently?
- Geographic tongue and 2. Erythema migrans
Coronoid hyperplasia causes the jaw to deviate which way?
Towards the affected side
Condylar hyperplasia causes the jaw to deviate which way?
Towards the unaffected side
What is it called when a salivary gland gets “stuck” in the mandible?
Stafne defect
What is a cyst?
A pathologic cavity lined by epithelium
In the very rare case that you have a radiolucency in the maxilla, what are the two most likely culprits?
- Radicular cysts and 2. periapical granulomas
Between which two teeth would one likely find a globulomaxillary radiolucency?
Maxillary lateral incisor and canine
What is the most common non-odontogenic cyst of the oral cavity?
Nasopalatine duct cyst
What is the well-circumscribed radiolucency measurement that marks a cyst from a normal incisive canal?
6 mm
What is the name given to the benign, cystic form of teratoma that is lined by epidermis-like epithelium and contains adnexal structures?
Dermoid cyst
Where do dermoid cysts occur?
At the midline with swelling in the floor of the mouth (FOM)
What presents as a white or yellow, asymptomatic, submucosal mass less than a cm in diameter?
Lymphoepithelial cyst
What is Waldeyer’s ring?
The area from the palatine tonsils to the lingual tonsils to the pharyngeal adenoids
What is the progressive atrophy of one side of the face called?
Progressive hemifacial atrophy
What bacteria is associated with atrophy of one side of the face?
Borelia sp. (Lyme disease)
What is the syndrome associated with syndactyly of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits, mental retardation and trapezoid shape lips?
Apert syndrome
What is the term that is synonymous with treacher-collins syndrome?
Mandibulofacial dysostosis
What goes wrong in treacher-collins syndrome during development?
The first and second branchial arches have defects
What is the term given to enamel defects formed in permanent teeth due to the periapical inflammatory disease of the overlying deciduous tooth?
Turner’s hypoplasia/tooth
What permanent tooth is particularly in danger in the case of periapical inflammatory disease present in the overlying deciduous tooth?
Permanent bicuspids
What are the two affects of congenital syphilis on teeth?
- Hutchinson’s incisors (screwdriver shaped) and 2. Mulberry molars
What three symptoms make up Hutchinson’s Triad?
- Hutchinson’s teeth, 2. Interstital keratitis (corneal scarring) and 3. 8th nerve deafness
What is a prominent feature of congenital syphilis often exhibited by patients?
Saddle nose
What is the term for tooth wear from tooth-tooth contact (bruxism)?
Attrition
What is the term for tooth wear from aggressive tooth brushing?
Abrasion
What is the term for tooth wear from dental exposure to chemicals?
Erosion
What is the term for tooth wear from GERD?
Perimolysis
What is the term for tooth wear from occlusal stresses that created repeated tooth flexure?
Abfraction
What is it called when an individual is missing 1 or more teeth?
Hypodontia
What is it called when an individual is missing 6 or more teeth?
Oligodontia
What is it called when an individual has supernumerary teeth?
Hyperdontia
Where is the most common site to have supernumerary teeth and what are they called?
Maxillary incisor region - mesiodens
What is it called when an enlarged tooth is counted and the count is normal?
Gemination
What is it called when an enlarged tooth is counted and the count is one below what it should be?
Fusion
What is a bend in the root called?
Dilaceration
What is the fusion of two adjacent teeth by cementum alone called?
Concrescence
What is it called when a tooth tries to form inside another tooth?
Dens-in-dente (dens invaginatus)
Where is the most common place to find a tooth growing within a tooth?
Permanent lateral incisors
What is the name of the disease where the body and pulp chamber of the tooth is enlarged with a significant apical displacement of the pulpal floor?
Taurodontism
What three syndromes are associated with apical enlargement of the pulpal floor in teeth?
- Kleinfelters Syndrome (XXY), 2. Amelogenesis imperfecta, and 3. Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome
What are the three forms of Amelogenesis imperfecta?
- Hypoplastic, 2. Hypomaturation and 3. hypocalcified
What is pitting and the total lack of enamel formation known as?
Hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta
What is a snow-capped appearance with mottled, opaque white-brown-yellow discoloration of enamel known as?
Hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta
What is a brown/black enamel appearance where enamel is soft and easily lost called?
Hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta
What gene is disrupted to cause dentinogenesis imperfecta?
DSPP gene
How does dentinogenesis imperfecta appear on an X-ray?
Bulbous crowns, cervical constrictions, thin roots, early obliteration of root canals/pulp chambers and shell teeth (dramatically enlarged pulps)
What autosomal dominant disease causes “rootless teeth”?
Dentin dysplasia, type I
What autosomal dominant disease causes blue teeth with bulbous crowns, cervical constriction, thin roots and thistle tube-shaped pulp anatomy?
Dentin dysplasia, type II
What is the disease that is non-hereditary, causes areas of unerupted teeth, and shows “ghost teeth” on x-rays?
Regional Odontodysplasia
What four outcomes are the sequelae of periapical pathology?
- Sinus tracts, 2. Osteomyelitis, 3. Cellulitis and 4. Condensing Osteitis
What are the four types of lesions that can be found periapically?
- Periapical granuloma, 2. Apical periodontal cyst, 3. Periapical abscess and 4. Periapical scar
What is the most common periapical pathosis?
Periapical granuloma
What tooth is the most frequently affected by the most common periapical pathosis?
Maxillary lateral incisor
What causes a periapical granuloma?
Chronic inflammation
What is the name of a secondary acute inflammatory change within the most common periapical pathosis?
Phoenix abscess
What lesions appears periapically with variable size, punched-out border and causes an area of radiolucency around the root tips?
Periapical granuloma
What is the second most common periapical lesion?
Apical periodontal cyst
What becomes inflamed in a periapical cyst?
Rests of Malassez
What term describes acute or chronic inflammation in bone?
Osteomyelitis
When infection of mandibular teeth spreads through the sublingual, submandibular and submental spaces, what term describes the appearance of the cellulitis that occurs?
Ludwig’s Angina
What disease causes “woody tongue”?
Sublingual Ludwig’s angina
What disease causes “bull neck”?
Submandibular Ludwig’s angina
What causes a swelling of the periorbital region and typically results from the abscess of a maxillary anterior or premolar tooth?
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
What is the name of the hypersensitivity reaction that occurs to cinnamon oil on the gums?
Plasma cell gingivitis
What is the full name that “Wright’s lesion” shortens?
Localized Juvenile Spongiotic Gingivitis
What term is given to describe gingival epithelium that spontaneously sloughs or can be removed with minor manipulation?
Desquamative Gingivitis
What five possibilities exist when desquamative gingivitis is present?
- Lichen Planus, 2. Mucous membrane pemphigoid, 3. Pemphigus vulgaris, 4. Systemic lupus erythematosis and 5. Hypersensitivity
When drugs cause gingival overgrowth to occur what is this known as?
Drug-related gingival hyperplasia
What three drugs cause gingival overgrowth?
- Cyclosporine, 2. Phenytoin and 3. Nifedipine
What is the name of the inflammatory process that can occur when the crown of a third molar is partially erupted?
Pericornitis
What is the syndrome that is autosomal recessive, causes accelerated periodontitis and has teeth that are “floating in air” on radiographs?
Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome
What two bacteria can cause Impetigo?
Streptococcus pyogenes and S. aureus
What two forms of Impetigo exist?
- Bullous and 2. Nonbullous
Which form of Impetigo is most prevalent?
Nonbullous
What causes Scarlet Fever?
Group A beta hemolytic Strep
What is the causal agent of Diphtheria?
Cornebacterium diphtheriae
What causes Syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
What is seen in primary syphilis?
Chancre at site of inoculation
What is strange about the ulceration for syphilis?
Its painless
What is seen in secondary syphilis?
Diffuse, painless, widespread rash
What is seen in tertiary syphilis?
Gumma
What is the causal agent of Gonnorhoeae?
Neisseria gonnorhoeae
What is the most common reportable infectious disease in the U.S.?
Gonnorhoeae
What is the name of TB of the skin?
Lupus vulgaris
What is the name given to a mycobacterial infection caused by drinking contaminated milk that causes enlarged cervical lymph nodes?
Scrofula
What is the name of the disease where bacteria colonize the mouth and work their way to the dermis and discharge yellow, sulfur material?
Actinomycosis
What bacteria causes sulfur granulation?
Actinomyces israelii
What bacteria is responsible for causing cat-scratch disease?
Bartonella henselae
What two forms of Candidiasis exist?
- Yeast form - innoculous and 2. Hyphal form - pathologic form
What four types of Candidiasis are seen in patients?
- Pseudomembranous, 2. Erythematous, 3. Chronic Hyperplastic and 4. Mucocutaneous
What form of Candidiasis is best recognized and is known as thrush?
Pseudomembranous
What form of Candidiasis appears white, but cannot be removed and is the least common form of candidiasis?
Chronic hyperplastic
What form of Candidiasis is linked to a rare group of immunologic disorders and has white plaques that do not rub off?
Mucocutaneous
What disease is the most common systemic fungal infection in the U.S., comes from bird or bat excrement and is endemic to the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys?
Histoplasmosis
What is the organism that causes Histoplasmosis?
Histoplasma capsulatum
What is the organism that causes Blastomycosis?
Blastomyces dermatitidis
What disease has symptoms similar to TB, comes from the Eastern U.S. and Canada and looks like cancer in the mouth?
Blastomycosis
What is the causative agent of the disease that comes from the armadillo, is from South America and typically infects farm workers?
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Which disease has symptoms that appears like “mickey mouse” or a “mariner’s wheel”?
Paracoccidioidmycosis
What is the name of the disease that is caused by a fungal infection likely acquired in the Southwest U.S.?
Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Valley Fever)
Which fungus appears like a “bag of marbles”?
Coccidioides immitis
What fungal disease comes from pigeon poop, mostly affects immune-compromised, and tends to target the meninges when it spreads?
Cryptococcosis
What is the causative fungal agent that lives in pigeon poop?
Cryptococcus neoformans
What is the name of the fungal disease that comes from organisms found on decaying organic material, has enhanced growth from iron, and targets diabetics and immunocompromised patients?
Zygomycosis
What fungal disease causes a mass to form, can cause allergic reactions in the sinuses, and is second most frequent in the world?
Aspergillosis
