Oral Cavity and Pharynges Flashcards
1
Q
- dense CT and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- surrounds neck of teeth and covers alveolar processes
A
gingivae
2
Q
- anterior roof of mouth, bony shelf covered by dense connective tissue and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- forms anterior 2/3 of roof of mouth, separates oral cavity from nasal cavity
A
hard palate
3
Q
- form part of anterior walls of oral cavity, covered w/ keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- close oral cavity during chewing
A
lips
4
Q
- three pairs of large multicellular glands: parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands
- produce saliva
A
salivary glands
5
Q
- posterior roof of mouth formed from skeletal muscle and covered w/ nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the uvula hangs from it
- forms posterior 1/3 of roof of mouth, helps close off opening to nasopharynx when swallowing
A
soft palate
6
Q
- hard structures projecting from the maxillae and mandible: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
- mastication (chewing food)
A
teeth
7
Q
- composed primarily of skeletal muscle and covered by stratified squamous epithelium, surface covered by papillae
- pushes food against palate to turn it into a bolus; detects taste (via taste buds)
A
tongue
8
Q
- aggregates of partially encapsulated lymphatic tissue
- detect antigens in swallowed food and drink and initiate immune response if necessary
A
tonsils
9
Q
- space between cheek and gums
- space where ingested materials are mixed w/ saliva and mechanically digested
A
vestibule
10
Q
- small, conical, muscular projection extending from the soft palate
- assists soft palate in closing off entryway to nasopharynx when swallowing
A
uvula
11
Q
Palate
- anterior 2/3rds of the palate is hard and bony: ____ ______
- posterior 1/3rd is soft and muscular: ____ ______ - composed primarily of skeletal muscle
- extending inferiorly from the posterior part of the soft palate is the _____
- when swallowing, the ____ ______ and the ______ elevate to close off the opening of the nasopharynx
- _____ represent the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx
- _____ are bounded by paired muscular folds: _________ ______ (anterior fold) and ____________ _____ (posterior fold)
- _______ ______ are housed between the arches
A
Palate
- anterior 2/3rds of the palate is hard and bony: hard palate
- posterior 1/3rd is soft and muscular: soft palate - composed primarily of skeletal muscle
- extending inferiorly from the posterior part of the soft palate is the uvula
- when swallowing, the soft palate and the uvula elevate to close off the opening of the nasopharynx
- fauces represent the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx
- fauces are bounded by paired muscular folds: glossopalatine arch (anterior fold) and pharyngopalatine arch (posterior fold)
- palatine tonsils are housed between the arches
12
Q
- composed of palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils
- drains to deep cervical lymph nodes
A
Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring
13
Q
- an accessory digestive organ that is formed from skeletal muscle and covered with lightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing
- helps compress partially digested materials against palate to form bolus (globular mass of partially digested material)
- performs important functions in swallowing
- inferior surface attaches to floor of the oral cavity by thin vertical mucous membrane, lingual frenulum
- numerous small projections (papillae) cover superior surface
- posterior surface contains lingual tonsils
A
tongue
14
Q
What is the neural control of saliva secretion?
A
- parasympathetic axons in CN IX stimulate parotid salivary gland secretions
- parasympathetic axons in CN VII stimulate submandibular and sublingual salivary gland secretions
- sympathetic stimulation from cervical ganglia stimulates mucus secretion
15
Q
- largest salivary gland
- located anterior and inferior to the ear, partially overlying masseter M.
- produce 25-30% of saliva, conducted through the duct to the oral cavity
- opens into the oral vestibule next to the second upper molar
A
parotid glands
16
Q
- inferior to the body of the mandible
- produce most of the saliva (60-70%)
- duct opens from each gland through papilla in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the lingual frenulum
A
submandibular glands
17
Q
- inferior to the tongue and internal to the oral cavity mucosa
- each gland extends multiple tiny sublingual ducts that open onto the inferior surface of the oral cavity, posterior to the submandibular duct papilla
- contribute only about 3-5% of total saliva
A
sublingual glands
18
Q
- collectively known as dentition
- ingestion and mastication, first part of mechanical digestion process
- has an exposed crown, a constricted neck, and one or more roots that anchor it to the jaw
- roots fit tightly into dental alveoli, which are sockets within alveolar processes of both maxillae and mandible
- collectively, roots, dental alveoli, and peridontal L. that binds roots to alveolar processes form a gomphosis joint
A
teeth
19
Q
Describe the development of teeth:
A
- two sets during lifetime
- 20 decidous teeth: erupts between 6-30 months
- decidous lost and replaced by 32 permanent teeth
- permanent teeth go from anterior to posterior
- last teeth to erupt are third molars, in late teens to early 20’s
- jaw often lacks space, thus third molars may emerge partially, at an angle, or become impacted
20
Q
What are the pharyngeal muscles and their innervation?
A
- superior constrictor M.
- middle constrictor M.
- inferior constrictor M.
- palatopharyngeus M.
- salpingopharyngeus M.
- stylopharyngeus M.
*all innervated by pharyngeal plexus and pharyngeal branch of the vagus N., except stylopharyngeus which is by the glossopharyngeal N.*
21
Q
superior pharyngeal constrictor M.
- origin:
- insertion:
- action:
- innervation:
A
superior pharyngeal constrictor M.
- origin: pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of mylohyoid line of mandible
- insertion: pharyngeal tubercle on basilar part of occipital bone
- action: constriction of upper portion of pharynx durring swallowing
- innervation: branches of pharyngeal plexus (CN X)
22
Q
middle pharyngeal constrictor M.
- origin:
- insertion:
- action:
- innervation:
A
middle pharyngeal constrictor M.
- origin: stylohyoid L., greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone
- insertion: median pharyngeal raphe, blends w/ superior and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
- action: constriction of the middle portion of the pharynx
- innervation: branches of pharyngeal plexus (CN X)
23
Q
inferior pharyngeal constrictor M.
- origin:
- insertion:
- action:
- innervation:
A
inferior pharyngeal constrictor M.
- origin: thropharyngeal part (oblique line of thyroid cartilage), cricopharyngeal part (cricoid cartilage)
- insertion: thyropharyngeal part (median pharyngeal raphe), cricopharyngeal part (blends inferiorly w/ circular esophageal fibers)
- action: constriction of lower portion of pharynx
- innervation: both (branches of pharyngeal plexus, CN X), cricopharyngeal part (branches of external and/or recurrent laryngeal branches of vagus N., CN X)
24
Q
palatopharyngeal M.
- origin:
- insertion:
- action:
- innervation:
A
palatopharyngeal M.
- origin: posterior border of hard palate, palatine aponeurosis
- insertion: posterior border of thyroid cartilage, blends w/ contralateral palatopharyngeus muscle
- action: elevates pharynx superiorly, anteriorly, and medially (shortening to swallow)
- innervation: branches of pharyngeal plexus (CN X)
25
salpingopharyngeus M.
- origin:
- insertion:
- action:
- innervation:
salpingopharyngeus M.
- origin: inferior/cartilaginous part of auditory tube
- insertion: blends w/ palatopharyngeus muscle
- action: elevates pharynx, opens auditory tube during swallowing
- innervation: branches of pharyngeal plexus (CN X)
26
stylopharyngeus M.
- origin:
- insertion:
- action:
- innervation:
stylopharyngeus M.
- origin: medial base of styloid process of temporal bone
- insertion: blends w/ pharyngeal constrictors, lateral glossoepiglottic fold, posterior border of thyroid cartilage
- action: elevates pharynx and larynx
- innervation: glossopharyngeal N.
27
a surgical procedure to remove the palatine tonsils; two small glands located in the back of your throat
tonsillectomy
28
- muscle innervated by CN V3, tenses soft palate and acts on pharyngotympanic tube for depressurizing middle ear
- muscle innervated by CN X pharyngeal plexus, elevates tensed palate, acts on pharyngotympanic tube
- **paralysis** of either/both of these muscles can lead to **reflux of oral contents into nasal cavity and pharyngotympanic tube dysfunction**
tensor and levator veli palatini muscles
29
What is the innervation and vascularization to the tongue?
- innervation: palatoglossus muscle (**vagus nerve (CN X)**), all other muscles (**hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)**)
- vascularization: **lingual A.** (branch of the carotid A.), **dorsal lingual veins, deep lingual vein** (drain into the internal jugular vein)
30
What is the motor innervation of the pharynx?
all the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the **vagus nerve** (CN X), except for the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the **glossopharyngeal nerve** (CN IX)
31
What is the sensory innervation of the pharynx?
- **pharyngeal plexus** provides sensory innervation to the oropharynx and laryngopharynx from **CN IX** and **CN** respectively
- the **nasopharynx** above the pharyngotympanic tube and torus tubarius is innervated by **CN V2**
32
What is the sensory innervation of the soft palate?
**palatal mucosa** receives its sensory innervation from the **maxillary nerve** through the **pterygopalatine ganglia** via the nasopalatine nerve, greater palatine nerve, lesser palatine nerve, and also from the IX nerve
33
What are the 3 steps of swallowing?
1. voluntary: bolus compressed against palate and pushed into oropharynx, mainly by movements of muscles of tongue and soft palate
2. involuntary and rapid: soft palate elevated sealing off nasopharynx from oro and laryngopharynges; pharynx widens and shortens to receive bolus of food as suprahyoid muscles and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating pharynx
3. involuntary: sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces bolus into esophagus
