Option C.2

Question 1

Advantages of natural gas

Answer 1

Relatively clean
Higher specific energy than coal and oil
Can be compressed or liquified for ease of transport
Does not contribute to acid deposition

Question 2

Disadvantages of natural gas

Answer 2

Non-renewable energy source
Produces CO2
Lower energy density than coal and oil
Unevenly distributed throughout the world

Question 3

Advantages of crude oil

Answer 3

Relatively inexpensive
High specific energy and energy density
Easily transported
Valuable feedstock for petrochemicals like fertilizer

Question 4

Disadvantages of crude oil

Answer 4

Non-renewable energy source
Produces CO2
Drilling for and transporting crude oil can cause environmental damage
Unevenly distributed throughout the world

Question 5

Different fractions of petroleum for number of C atoms and boiling point (˚C):
1-4 <25
5-7 25-75
6-10 75-190
10-16 190-250
14-20 250-300
20-40 300-370
40-70 370-450
>70 >450

Answer 5

Refinery gas
Petrol
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel fuel
Lubricating motor oil
Fuel oil
Residue

Question 6

Uses of refinery gas

Answer 6

Fuel, feedstock for petrochemicals

Question 7

Uses of petrol

Answer 7

Fuel for cars

Question 8

Uses of naphtha

Answer 8

Production of organic chemicals, converted to petrol

Question 9

Uses of kerosene

Answer 9

Jet fuel, domestic heating

Question 10

Uses of diesel fuel

Answer 10

Fuel for trucks and agricultural machinery

Question 11

Uses of lubricating motor oil

Answer 11

Lubricating oil, waxes and polish

Question 12

Uses of fuel oil

Answer 12

Fuel for ships and power stations

Question 13

Uses of residue

Answer 13

Bitumen for roads

Question 14

Knocking

Answer 14

The premature ignition of air and fuel mixture in a car ignition

Question 15

Octane number

Answer 15

The measure of a fuel’s ability to resist auto-ignition under pressure in a car engine

Question 16

What kind of hydrocarbons tend to have higher octane ratings?

Answer 16

Short-chain, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 17

Catalytic reforming

Answer 17

A process that converts low-octane hydrocarbons into higher-octane hydrocarbons (reformates)

Question 18

Isomerization

Answer 18

A type of catalytic reforming that converts straight-chain hydrocarbons with low octane numbers into branched hydrocarbons

Question 19

Cracking

Answer 19

Process that takes long-chain hydrocarbons and breaks them into short-chain hydrocarbons

Question 20

Coal gasification definition and reaction equation

Answer 20

The process of converting coal into synthetic natural gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen
C(s) + H2O(g) –> CO(g) + H2(g)

Question 21

Coal liquefaction

Answer 21

The process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons

Question 22

Direct coal liquefaction

Answer 22

The reacting of coal with hydrogen in the presence of heat and a catalyst

Question 23

Fischer-Tropsch process

Answer 23

Indirect coal liquefaction, converting coal into syngas and then into a liquid hydrocarbon

Question 24

Carbon footprint

Answer 24

The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities