Option C.2 Flashcards
Advantages of natural gas
Relatively clean
Higher specific energy than coal and oil
Can be compressed or liquified for ease of transport
Does not contribute to acid deposition
Disadvantages of natural gas
Non-renewable energy source
Produces CO2
Lower energy density than coal and oil
Unevenly distributed throughout the world
Advantages of crude oil
Relatively inexpensive
High specific energy and energy density
Easily transported
Valuable feedstock for petrochemicals like fertilizer
Disadvantages of crude oil
Non-renewable energy source
Produces CO2
Drilling for and transporting crude oil can cause environmental damage
Unevenly distributed throughout the world
Different fractions of petroleum for number of C atoms and boiling point (˚C):
1-4 <25
5-7 25-75
6-10 75-190
10-16 190-250
14-20 250-300
20-40 300-370
40-70 370-450
>70 >450
Refinery gas
Petrol
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel fuel
Lubricating motor oil
Fuel oil
Residue
Uses of refinery gas
Fuel, feedstock for petrochemicals
Uses of petrol
Fuel for cars
Uses of naphtha
Production of organic chemicals, converted to petrol
Uses of kerosene
Jet fuel, domestic heating
Uses of diesel fuel
Fuel for trucks and agricultural machinery
Uses of lubricating motor oil
Lubricating oil, waxes and polish
Uses of fuel oil
Fuel for ships and power stations
Uses of residue
Bitumen for roads
Knocking
The premature ignition of air and fuel mixture in a car ignition
Octane number
The measure of a fuel’s ability to resist auto-ignition under pressure in a car engine
What kind of hydrocarbons tend to have higher octane ratings?
Short-chain, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons
Catalytic reforming
A process that converts low-octane hydrocarbons into higher-octane hydrocarbons (reformates)
Isomerization
A type of catalytic reforming that converts straight-chain hydrocarbons with low octane numbers into branched hydrocarbons
Cracking
Process that takes long-chain hydrocarbons and breaks them into short-chain hydrocarbons
Coal gasification definition and reaction equation
The process of converting coal into synthetic natural gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen
C(s) + H2O(g) –> CO(g) + H2(g)
Coal liquefaction
The process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons
Direct coal liquefaction
The reacting of coal with hydrogen in the presence of heat and a catalyst
Fischer-Tropsch process
Indirect coal liquefaction, converting coal into syngas and then into a liquid hydrocarbon
Carbon footprint
The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities
