Opiod Pain And Kosterlitz Flashcards

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1
Q

Who first described the pain pathway?

A

Rene Descartes in Treatise of Man (1664)

Descartes’ model included the idea of ‘animal spirits’ flowing from the brain to respond to pain.

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2
Q

What is the main active analgesic found in opium?

A

Morphine

Morphine is widely recognized for its effectiveness in pain relief.

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3
Q

What are the three main components of pharmacology in the context of pain treatment at the end of the 1800s?

A
  • Chemistry
  • Physiology
  • Pathology

These components help understand pain and its treatment.

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4
Q

What discovery did Solomon Snyder make in 1972?

A

The opioid receptor

This receptor specifically binds to morphine and similar opioids.

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5
Q

How do opioids affect the pain pathway?

A

They bind to opioid receptors, inhibiting nerve fiber firing

This action reduces the perception of pain.

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6
Q

What are the two mechanisms by which the pain pathway can evolve to limit suffering?

A
  • Rubbing the injury activates sensory receptors
  • The descending pain-inhibitory pathway releases endogenous opioids

These mechanisms help in modulating pain perception.

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7
Q

What are endogenous opioids?

A

Natural painkillers produced by the body, such as enkephalins and endorphins

They inhibit pain signals in the spinal cord.

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8
Q

What significant discovery did Kosterlitz and Hughes make in the 1970s?

A

They identified and purified the structure of two enkephalins

This was a major advancement in understanding natural pain relief.

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9
Q

What does the descending pain-inhibitory pathway do?

A

Inhibits pain transmission in the spinal cord

It releases enkephalins that bind to opioid receptors.

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10
Q

What is the role of the thalamus in the pain pathway?

A

It relays pain messages to different parts of the brain

The thalamus is critical for processing pain signals.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The structure of the active analgesic in opium is _______.

A

Morphine

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12
Q

True or False: Opioids are not addictive.

A

False

Opioids are known to be highly addictive.

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13
Q

List four methods of pain relief other than opioids.

A
  • Local anaesthetics
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation)
  • Acupuncture

These methods provide alternative ways to manage pain.

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14
Q

What is the function of local anaesthetics?

A

Prevent activation of pain receptors

They block nerve signals in the area of application.

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15
Q

What is the Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics?

A

A collaborative project to translate pharmacology research into therapeutics

It honors Kosterlitz’s contributions to medical science.

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16
Q

Who were Kosterlitz and Hughes recognized by for their work in pharmacology?

A

They won the Lasker Award

Their research significantly advanced the field of medical science.

17
Q

What is the purpose of TENS?

A

To apply electrical impulses that activate inhibitory sensory fibres

This helps in reducing pain signals.

18
Q

What effect does general anaesthetic have?

A

Induces loss of consciousness

This prevents perception and memory of pain.

19
Q

What is the significance of Kosterlitz’s legacy at the University?

A

Established the Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics and annual Kosterlitz lecture

These initiatives promote ongoing research and education in pharmacology.