Ophthalmology - Conjunctiva

Question 1

What is conjunctival hyperemia, and what does is suggest?

Answer 1

• congestion of superficial, or conjunctival vessles

- suggests superficial irritation

Question 2

What is episcleral injection, and what does it suggest?

Answer 2

• congestion of deeper and larger episcleral vessels

- suggests deeper inflammation/congestion

Question 3

How can you distinguish between conjunctival hyperemia and episcleral injection?

Answer 3

• episcleral vessels are larger and course perpendicular to the limbus
• a drop of phenylephrine blances the hyperemic conjunctival vessels only

Question 4

What is the most common cause of conjunctivitis in the dog?

Answer 4

keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Question 5

What are the general clinical signs associated with conjunctivitis in the dog?

Answer 5

• blepharospasm
• epiphora
• mucoid discharge
• hyperemia
• lymphoid follicles

Question 6

How is primary conjunctivitis treated in the dog?

Answer 6

• treat underlying cause if present

- topical antinflammatories: neomycin-polymixin-dexamethasone, diclofenac, cyclosporine

Question 7

Which viruses can cause conjunctivitis in dogs?

Answer 7

• adenovirus
• herpesvirus
• distemper virus

Question 8

What is the most common cause of feline conjunctivitis?

Answer 8

feline herpesvirus - 1

Question 9

What are the clinical signs associated with feline herpesvirus conjunctivitis?

Answer 9

• blepharospasm, epiphora, and mucoid discharge
• URI
• hyperemia
• conjunctival and corneal ulceration
• symblepharon

Question 10

What is symblepharon?

Answer 10

permanent adhesion between the conjunctiva and cornea

Question 11

Dendritic corneal ulceration is pathognomonic for what infection?

Answer 11

FHV-1

Question 12

How is feline herpesvirus conjunctivitis treated?

Answer 12

antiviral therapy:
- topical: cidofovir
- oral: famciclovir
- lysine
supportive care:
- topical erythomycin antibiotic

Question 13

What are the clinical signs of feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis?

Answer 13

• blepharospasm, epiphora, mucoid/mucopurulent discharge, hyperemia, +/- corneal ulceration
• raised white or yellow corneal and/or conjunctival infiltrates

Question 14

How is feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis treated?

Answer 14

• immunomodulation: topical cyclosporine
• anti-inflammatory: topical NSAID or steroid
• antiviral therapy

Question 15

What is the second most common cause of conjunctivitis in cats?

Answer 15

chlamydial conjunctivitis

Question 16

What are the clinical signs of feline chlamydial conjunctivitis?

Answer 16

• belpharospasm, epiphora, mucoid/mucopurulent discharge, and hyperemia
• chemosis
• does not cause ulceration

Question 17

How is chlamydial conjunctivitis treated?

Answer 17

• antibiotic with intracellular penetration
• topical: tetracyclines, macrolides
• oral: doxycycline

Question 18

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma associated conjunctivitis?

Answer 18

• belpharospasm, epiphora, mucoid/mucopurulent discharge, hyperemia, +/- chemosis
• does not cause ulceration

Question 19

Oral ulceration if pathognomic for what infection?

Answer 19

calicivirus

Question 20

How is calicivirus conjunctivitis treated?

Answer 20

erythromycin ointment

Question 21

What is the conjunctival fornix?

Answer 21

the area where palpebral conjunctiva meets bulbar conjunctiva

Question 22

What is epiphora?

Answer 22

abnormal over-production of tears

Question 23

Where are conjunctival lymphoid follicles located?

Answer 23

bulbar surface of the third eyelid

Question 24

What is keratitis?

Answer 24

inflammation of the cornea

Question 25

What is chemosis?

Answer 25

edema of the conjunctiva