Ophthalmology - Conjunctiva Flashcards
What is conjunctival hyperemia, and what does is suggest?
- congestion of superficial, or conjunctival vessles
- suggests superficial irritation
What is episcleral injection, and what does it suggest?
- congestion of deeper and larger episcleral vessels
- suggests deeper inflammation/congestion
How can you distinguish between conjunctival hyperemia and episcleral injection?
- episcleral vessels are larger and course perpendicular to the limbus
- a drop of phenylephrine blances the hyperemic conjunctival vessels only
What is the most common cause of conjunctivitis in the dog?
keratoconjunctivitis sicca
What are the general clinical signs associated with conjunctivitis in the dog?
- blepharospasm
- epiphora
- mucoid discharge
- hyperemia
- lymphoid follicles
How is primary conjunctivitis treated in the dog?
- treat underlying cause if present
- topical antinflammatories: neomycin-polymixin-dexamethasone, diclofenac, cyclosporine
Which viruses can cause conjunctivitis in dogs?
- adenovirus
- herpesvirus
- distemper virus
What is the most common cause of feline conjunctivitis?
feline herpesvirus - 1
What are the clinical signs associated with feline herpesvirus conjunctivitis?
- blepharospasm, epiphora, and mucoid discharge
- URI
- hyperemia
- conjunctival and corneal ulceration
- symblepharon
What is symblepharon?
permanent adhesion between the conjunctiva and cornea
Dendritic corneal ulceration is pathognomonic for what infection?
FHV-1
How is feline herpesvirus conjunctivitis treated?
antiviral therapy: - topical: cidofovir - oral: famciclovir - lysine supportive care: - topical erythomycin antibiotic
What are the clinical signs of feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis?
- blepharospasm, epiphora, mucoid/mucopurulent discharge, hyperemia, +/- corneal ulceration
- raised white or yellow corneal and/or conjunctival infiltrates
How is feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis treated?
- immunomodulation: topical cyclosporine
- anti-inflammatory: topical NSAID or steroid
- antiviral therapy
What is the second most common cause of conjunctivitis in cats?
chlamydial conjunctivitis
What are the clinical signs of feline chlamydial conjunctivitis?
- belpharospasm, epiphora, mucoid/mucopurulent discharge, and hyperemia
- chemosis
- does not cause ulceration
How is chlamydial conjunctivitis treated?
- antibiotic with intracellular penetration
- topical: tetracyclines, macrolides
- oral: doxycycline
What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma associated conjunctivitis?
- belpharospasm, epiphora, mucoid/mucopurulent discharge, hyperemia, +/- chemosis
- does not cause ulceration
Oral ulceration if pathognomic for what infection?
calicivirus
How is calicivirus conjunctivitis treated?
erythromycin ointment
What is the conjunctival fornix?
the area where palpebral conjunctiva meets bulbar conjunctiva
What is epiphora?
abnormal over-production of tears
Where are conjunctival lymphoid follicles located?
bulbar surface of the third eyelid
What is keratitis?
inflammation of the cornea
What is chemosis?
edema of the conjunctiva
