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Small Animal Medicine II > Dermatology - Pruritis > Flashcards

Dermatology - Pruritis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Flea Bite Allergic Dermatitis?

A

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs/findings of Flea Bite Allergic Dermatitis?

A
  • lumbo-sacral distribution
  • pruritis crusting eruption and secondary erythema
  • seborrhea, alopecia, excoriations, pyoderma, hyperpigmentation, and lichenification
  • cats: miliary dermatitis
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3
Q

How is Flea Bite Allergic Dermatitis diagnosed?

A
  • distribution of lesions: lumbo-sacral, tail base, caudo-medial thighs, ventrum, flanks
  • presence of fleas or flea dirt
  • flea antigen test
  • elevated serum flea allergen specific IgE
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4
Q

How is Flea Bite Allergic Dermatitis treated?

A
  • flea eradication: knock down product, insect growth regulator, and environmental control
  • monthly spot-on for dogs
  • prednisone for severe pruritis
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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Atopy/Allergic Dermatitis?

A
  • type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

- hypersensitivity to aeroallergens

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs/findings of Atopy/Allergic Dermatitis?

A
  • pruritis
  • distribution: paws, face, distal extremities, elbows, ventrum, otitis externa
  • secondary infections common: staph, malassezia, otitis, lick granuloma
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7
Q

How is Atopy/Allergic Dermatitis diagnosed?

A
  • history and clinical signs
  • rule out other causes
  • allergy tests (intradermal or serum)
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8
Q

How is Atopy/Allergic Dermatitis treated?

A
  • allergen specific immunotherapy (hyposensitization)
  • symptomatic relief
  • allergen avoidance
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9
Q

Which drugs show strong evidence for symptomatic relief of Atopy/Allergic Dermatitis?

A
  • glucocorticoids
  • cyclosporine A
  • Oclacitinib
  • recombinant canine interferon gamma
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10
Q

What is the most common food antigen causing allergies?

A

beef protein

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11
Q

What are the common locations of food allergy lesions in the dog and in the cat?

A

dog - muzzle, ears, distal limbs, inter-digital, axillae, groins

cat - head, face, pinnae, neck

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12
Q

How are food allergies diagnosed?

A
  • positive response to elimination diet is the only definitive diagnosis
  • intradermal skin testing (inaccurate)
  • ELISA serology
  • skin biopsy
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13
Q

What are the treatments for food allergies?

A
  • change in diet: hypoallergenic, hydrolyzed

- prednisone for pruritis

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis?

A
  • type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

- cellular injury through macrophages and T lymphocytes

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with contact dermatitis?

A
  • intensely pruritic lesions
  • hyperpigmentation, lichenification
  • hairless areas most commonly affected
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16
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Sarcoptes infection?

A
  • intensely pruritic
  • papules, alopecia, erythema, crusts, excoriations
  • areas: hocks, elbows, pinna, ventrum, and chest
  • secondary weight loss
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17
Q

How is Sarcoptes infection diagnosed?

A
  • response to treatment
  • fecal float
  • difficult to find mite on scraping
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18
Q

How is Sarcoptes infection treated?

A
  • topical dips (Lime, Amitraz)
  • topical spot-on or system (Ivermectin, Selamectin)
  • clean all bedding/kennels
  • treat all affected and in-contact animals
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19
Q

Describe the features of localized demodecosis

A
  • young patients
  • one to several well-circumscribed erythematous, scaly, non-pruritic areas of alopecia
  • < 6 lesions
  • face, forelimbs
  • often resolves spontaneously
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20
Q

Describe the features of generalized demodecosis

A
  • animals < 18 months
  • lesions are usually coalescing and extensive, often with secondary pyoderma
  • > 12 lesions
  • immunosuppressive disease
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21
Q

How is demodecosis diagnosed?

A
  • deep skin scrape

- biopsy and histopathology

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22
Q

How is local demodecosis treated?

A
  • often resolves spontaneously
  • local antiparasitic ointment
  • monthly follow-ups
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23
Q

How is generalized demodecosis treated?

A
  • Amitraz dip/baths
  • Ivermectin
  • always avoid steroids
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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of a Cheyletiella infection?

A
  • “walking” dandruff
  • scaling
  • pruritis is variable
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25
Q

How is Cheyletiella diagnosed?

A
  • seen with naked eye on fur
  • Acetate tape test
  • flea comb under microscope
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26
Q

How is Cheyletiella treated?

A
  • treat all in-contact animals and the environment

- topical (shampoo, spot-ons, dips)

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27
Q

What are the clinical signs of a hookworm infection?

A
  • interdigital areas affected
  • intensely pruritic
  • erythema, alopecia, thickening of skin
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28
Q

How is a hookworm infection diagnosed?

A

fecal float

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29
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with chigger infestation?

A
  • Chiggers found around legs, head, and abdomen
  • inside the ears in cats
  • pruritis, papules, erythema
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30
Q

How is a chigger infestation diagnosed?

A
  • skin scrapes

- red color

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31
Q

How is a chigger infestation treated?

A
  • two pyrethrin dips spaced two weeks apart
  • topical antiparasitics
  • topical or oral prednisolone for the pruritis
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32
Q

What are the general clinical signs of pyoderma?

A

pustules
papules
crusts

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33
Q

When is a culture indicated with pyoderma?

A
  • if < 50% improvement after 2 weeks of tx
  • new lesions after 2 weeks of tx
  • residual lesions at 6 weeks
  • intracellular rods on cytology
  • history of MRSA/MRSP
34
Q

What are the clinical signs of mucocutaneous pyoderma?

A
  • mucocutaneous swelling, erythema, and crusting
  • lips and commisures affected symmetrically
  • painful, pruritic
  • fissures, depigmentation
35
Q

How is mucocutaneous pyoderma treated?

A
  • clip and clean area

- topical ab: Mupirocin

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

A
  • red, moist, exudative, crusting lesions

- lesions in areas of primary irritation

37
Q

What is impetigo?

Who normally gets it?

A
  • bacterial disease caused by Staph spp.

- young dogs

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of impetigo?

A
  • vesicles/pustules

- mainly affects ventral hairless areas

39
Q

How is impetigo treated?

A
  • antibacterial shampoos (Chlorhexidine, Benzoyl peroxide)

- topical antibiotic creams (mupirocin, flucidin)

40
Q

What is superficial pyoderma?

A

folliculitis caused by Staph pseudointermedius

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of superficial pyoderma?

A
  • pustules with hair shaft protruding from center
  • patchy focal alopecia
  • epidermal collarettes
  • scaling, seborrhea
  • hyperpigmentation or excoriations if chronic
42
Q

What is found on cytology of superficial pyoderma?

A

degenerative neutrophils, phagocytosed cocci, and proteinaecous background

43
Q

What is the treatment for superficial pyoderma?

A
  • antibiotics for 21-28 days, and 1 week past resolution

- antibacterial shampoo

44
Q

What are the general clinical signs of a deep pyoderma?

A
  • deep, draining tracts
  • clusters of ulcers
  • necro-hemorrhagic purulent bullae or abscesses
45
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to deep pyoderma?

A

GSDs and Bull terriers

46
Q

How is deep pyoderma treated?

A
  • topical rinses/shampoos
  • topical steroid/antibiotic combinations
  • systemic antibiotics (beta-lactam resistant penicillins) for 6-8 weeks
47
Q

Which antibiotics are used as 1st tier empiric therapy?

A
  • 1st gen cephalosporins
  • amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
  • clindamycin
48
Q

Which antibiotics are used as 2nd tier empiric therapy?

A
  • sulfas
  • erythromycin
  • lincomycin
  • doxycycline
49
Q

Which antibiotics are used as 2nd tier based on C/S results?

A
  • chloramphenicol
  • rifampin
  • amikacin
50
Q

Which antibiotics are used as 3nd tier based on C/S results?

A
  • fluoroquinolones

- 3rd gen cephalosporins

51
Q

How is actinomycosis acquired?

A

infection following trauma or penetrating wounds

52
Q

What are the clinical signs of actinomycosis?

A
  • subcutaneous abscesses, draining tracts

- exudates (thick, yellow, hemorrhagic, foul smelling)

53
Q

How is actinomycosis diagnosed?

A
  • anaerobic culture
  • histopathology
  • cytology
54
Q

What is the treatment for actinomycosis?

A
  • surgical debulking

- long-term antibiotics (penicillin G, erythromycin, clindamycin)

55
Q

How is nocardiosis acquired?

A

wound contamination, inhalation, or ingestion

56
Q

What are the clinical signs of nocardiosis?

A
  • similar to actinomyces

- pyothorax

57
Q

How is nocardiosis treated?

A
  • surgical debulking, drainage

- long term ab: TMS, ampicillin, erythromycin, minocyline

58
Q

What are the clinical signs of opportunistic mycobacteriosis?

A
  • slowly developing, subcutaneous nodules, non-healing abscesses, ulcers, and fistulas
  • serosanguineous/purulent exudate
  • regional LN enlargement
59
Q

How is opportunistic mycobacteriosis treated?

A
  • wide surgical excision

- long term ab: clarithromycin, enrofloxacin, doxycycline

60
Q

What is intertrigo?

A

skin fold pyoderma

61
Q

How is intertrigo treated?

A
  • shampoos, rinses, topical antibiotics
62
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Malassezia infection?

A
  • pruritis
  • rancid odor
  • erythema, greasy, scaly plaques
  • otitis externa (black wax)
  • hair turns red-brown
  • chronic: lichenification, hyperpogmentation, hyperkeratosis
63
Q

How is Malassezia infection treated?

A
  • anti-yeast shampoos
  • creams, lotions, and sprays
  • systemic: Ketoconazole, Itraconazole
64
Q

What is dermatophytosis?

A

fungal infection of keratinized tissues, claws, hair, and stratum corneum

  • Micosporum spp.
  • causes a folliculitis
65
Q

Which animals are predisposed to dermatophytosis?

A

young and/or immunosuppressed

66
Q

What are the clinical signs of dermatophytosis?

A
  • focal alopecic lesions
  • circular alopecia with scaling
  • pruritis rare
67
Q

How is dermatophytosis diagnosed?

A
  • Wood’s Lamp
  • hair pluck
  • fungal culture
  • biopsy
68
Q

How is dermatophytosis treated?

A
  • topical and systemic therapy
  • topical: shampoo, ketoconazole
  • systemic: Grisofulvin, ketoconazole, itraconazole
69
Q

What is Notoedres cati?

What are the clinical signs of this infection?

A
  • feline scabies

- alopecia, wrinkled skin, papular rash and crusts

70
Q

How is Notoedres cati diagnosed?

A

skin scrapes

71
Q

How is Notoedres cati treated?

A
  • Lime sulfur dip
  • Ivermectin Selamectin
  • Imidocioprid/Moxidectin
72
Q

What are the clinical signs of fur mites in the cat?

A
  • “salt and pepper” appearance
  • hairs epilate easily
  • eggs on hairs
73
Q

Which endocrine diseases cause non-pruritic lesions in the cat?

A
  • hyperthyroidism

- hyperadrenocorticism

74
Q

What are the 3 presentations of eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A
  • indolent ulcer
  • eosinophilic plaques
  • collagenolytic granuloma
75
Q

Describe the indolent ulcer presentation of eosinophilic granuloma complex

A
  • well-circumscribed, proliferative inflammatory lesions with central dish-shaped ulcer
  • upper or lower lip
  • non-painful and non-pruritic
76
Q

Describe the eosinophilic plaque presentation of eosinophilic granuloma complex

A
  • well-circumscribed, red-yellow, ulcerate, edematous plaque

- intensely pruritic

77
Q

Describe the collagenolytic granuloma presentation of eosinophilic granuloma complex

A
  • well-circumscribed, linear or raised, nodular, firm, yellow-pink lesion
  • non-painful, non-pruritic
78
Q

What is the treatment for eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A
  • prednisolone

- cyclosporine A

79
Q

What is feline acne?

What is the clinical appearance?

A
  • idiopathic disorder of follicular keratinization
  • comedones on chin and lower lip
  • papules and pustules
  • furunculosis and scaring
80
Q

What is the clinical appearance of feline leprosy?

A
  • chronic draining nodules

- pus and fluid oozing out of skin

81
Q

What are the possible causes of feline leprosy?

A
  • bacterial or fungal
  • panniculitis
  • collagenolytic granuloma
  • foreign body
  • neoplasia

Small Animal Medicine II (15 decks)

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