Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small Animal Medicine II > Gastroenterology - Large Intestine > Flashcards

Gastroenterology - Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of the large intestine

A
  • lacks large villi
  • invaginations of surface epithelium form intestinal crypts
  • “Crypts of Leiberkuhn”
    (goblet cells, endocrine cells, epithelial cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  • convert digested food waste into feces
  • mucus and bicarbonate secretion
  • resorb water, Na, and Cl
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the typical clinical signs associated with colonic disease?

A
  • diarrhea or constipation
  • frank blood, mucus
  • tenesmus, dyschezia
  • urgency
  • no weight loss or vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is “stress” colitis, and how is it treated?

A
  • acute large bowel diarrhea
  • often self-limiting
  • tx: diet change, probiotic, fiber, Metro if severe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Trichuris vulpus?
What does it cause?
How is it transmitted?

A
  • whipworm
  • causes acute or chronic large bowel diarrhea
  • fecal-oral contamination (egg ingestion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the clinical signs of a Trichuris vulpus infection?

A
  • can be asymptomatic
  • hematochezia
  • mucoid diarrhea
  • tenesmus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is Trichuris vulpus diagnosed?

A
  • fecal float (eggs)
  • ELISA
  • colonoscopy in adults
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is Trichuris vulpus treated?

A
  • Fenbendazole

- Preventatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Heterobilharzia americana?

What does it cause?

A
  • trematode/fluke
  • “Schistosmiasis”
  • acute or chronic large intestinal diarrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is Heterobilharzia americana transmitted?

A
  • reservoirs (small mammals)

- intermediate host (snails)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Tritrichomonas foetus?

What does it cause?

A
  • protozoa that lives in descending colon and cecum

- chronic large intestinal diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the clinical signs of a Tritrichomonas foetus infection?

A
  • large intestinal diarrhea
  • tenesmus, fecal incontinence
  • painful edematous rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus diagnosed?

A
  • direct fecal smear
  • PCR most sensitive
  • fecal pouch culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus treated?

A
  • may be self-limiting

- Ronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Prototheca?

A
  • toxic algae found in soil and sewage

- blue-green algae bloom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical signs of Prototheca infection?

Signs in dogs vs. cats?

A
  • vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, rapid death
  • cats: cutaneous disease
  • dogs: CNS, ocular, and large bowel signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is Prototheca diagnosed?

A
  • culture
  • rectal scraping
  • biopsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is Prototheca treated?

A

Amphotericin B + Itraconazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the prognosis for Prototheca infection?

A
  • grave for disseminated dz

- guarded for cutaneous dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the clinical signs of Campylobacter jejuni infection?

A
  • acute or chronic colitis
  • pyrexia
  • anorexia
21
Q

How is Campylobacter jejuni diagnosed?

A
  • fecal culture
  • direct fecal smear
    (“seagull” shaped bacteria)
22
Q

How is Campylobacter jejuni treated?

A
  • none if healthy carrier

- Erythromycin and Tylosin

23
Q

What is caused by Clostridium difficile?

A

toxin A - secretory diarrhea and tissue damage

toxin B - inflammation and necrosis of tissue

24
Q

How is Clostridium difficle diagnosed?

A
  • pin-shaped spores on fecal smear
  • PCR and ELISA for toxins
  • culture
25
Q

How is Clostridium difficle treated?

A

Metronidazole

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of primary large bowel enteropathy?

A
  • large bowel diarrhea

- weight loss in advanced cases

27
Q

What is fiber responsive colitis?

A
  • chronic diarrhea without apparent pathogens, infection, inflammation, or neoplasia
  • patient responds to high fiber diet
28
Q

What are prebiotics?

A
  • fibers fermented to short chain fatty acids

- energy source for healthy flora

29
Q

What is inflammatory colonic disease?

A

chronic colitis for which no other cause is documented

- inflammatory infiltrates on histopathology

30
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to Histiocytic Ulcerative Colitis?

A
  • Boxers are #1

- French Bulldogs, Mastiffs, Malamutes, English Bulldogs

31
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with histiocytic ulcerative colitis?

A
  • tenesmus
  • mucoid diarrhea
  • hematochezia
  • weight loss, decreased appetite
32
Q

How is histiocytic ulcerative colitis diagnosed?

A
  • ultrasound (thickened wall)
  • histopathology (PAS positive macrophages)
  • biopsy and culture
33
Q

How is histiocytic ulcerative colitis treated?

A
  • do not immune suppress
  • Baytril
  • stopping early will cause resistance
34
Q

What are the most common neoplasms of the colon?

A

Adenocarcinoma and Lymphosarcoma

35
Q

What is obstipation?

A

intractable constipation

  • implies loss of some degree of function
  • manual facilitated stool removal necessary
36
Q

What are the causes of megacolon?

A
  • constant constipation
  • congenital dysfunction
  • secondary to: colonic inertia or outlet obstruction
37
Q

What are the clinical signs of megacolon?

A
  • reduced, painful, or absent fecal production

- vomiting, decreased appetite

38
Q

How is megacolon diagnosed?

A
  • clinical path: dehydration, electrolyte imbalances
  • radiographs
  • colonoscopy/biopsy
39
Q

How is megacolon treated?

A
  • laxatives
  • prokinetics
  • diet modification
  • enemas
  • surgery
  • removal of feces
40
Q

What clinical signs may indicate pathology of the rectum?

A
  • licking at hind end
  • fecal incontinence
  • discharge or smell
  • tenesmus, dyschezia, hematochezia, constipation
41
Q

What is proctitis?

What are the clinical signs?

A

inflammation of the rectal mucosa (secondary to other processes)
- tenesmus, dyschezia, hematochezia, excessive grooming

42
Q

What is rectal stricture?

A

narrowing of rectal lumen +/- anal canal

  • consequence of underlying disease
  • see ribbon stools
43
Q

How are renal strictures treated?

A
  • Balloon dilation
  • treat primary disease
  • diet change, fiber, stool softeners
  • surgery: rectal pull through, mass removal
44
Q

What are the types of atresia ani?

A

1) imperforate anus
2) rectum ends in blind sac around cranial aspect of pelvis
3) rectal atresia
4) rectovaginal fistula with patent anus

45
Q

What is anal farunculosis?

What are the clinical signs?

A

chronic, inflammatory disease

- dyschezia, fecal incontinence, hematochezia, excessive grooming, self-mutilation

46
Q

What is found on physical exam with anal farunculosis?

A
  • perianal ulceration
  • foul smelling discharge
  • pain
  • possible stricture on rectal exam
47
Q

How is anal farunculosis treated?

A

medical management more effective than surgery:

- topical meds, analgesics, antibiotics, diet change, immune modulation

48
Q

What is the appearance of the anal sac secretions with anal sacculitis, and impaction?

A

sacculitis - granular, green-yellow, or hemorrhagic

impaction - thick, gray-brown paste

49
Q

Treatments for:

  • anal sac impaction
  • sacculitis
  • abscess
A

impaction - gentle expression of impacted gland

sacculitis - expression, flush with saline, topical antibiotics

abscess - lance, daily hygiene, systemic antibiotics

Small Animal Medicine II (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions