Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small Animal Medicine II > Gastroenterology - Small Intestine > Flashcards

Gastroenterology - Small Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A
  • digestion of food
  • absorption of nutrients
  • barrier to infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the villi?

A
  • enterocytes
  • digestive enzymes, carrier proteins, and goblet cells
  • crypt cells
  • lamina propria
  • mucosal immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the main energy requirement for enterocytes?

A

glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is HGE and AHDS?

A
  • Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis

- Acute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which animals are more predisposed to HGE and AHDS?

A

small breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the result of HGE and AHDS?

A

marked hemoconcentration and fluid shifts

  • typically requires hospitalization
  • hypovolemic shock seen before dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical signs of HGE and AHDS?

A

hematemesis and hematochezia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the possible etiologies of HGE and AHDS?

A
  • viral
  • hypersensitivity reaction
  • infection by Clostridium perfringens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is HGE and AHDS treated?

A
  • IV fluids
  • antibiotics
  • gastroprotectants
  • antiemetics
  • nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the prognosis for HGE and AHDS?

A
  • good with aggressive supportive care

- poor with severe hypoproteinemia or signs of sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What tapeworms can infect the small intestine?

A
  • Dipylidium caninum
  • Taenia
  • Echinococcus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does an animal get infected with Dipylidium caninum?

A

ingestion of fleas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the typical sign associated with Dipylidium caninum infection?

A

peri-rectal irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the treatment for Dipylidium caninum?

A

Praziquantel

Fenbendazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is Toxocara canis/cati transmitted?

A

ingestion of eggs or maternal transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Toxocara?

A
  • vomiting of live worms
  • unthriftiness
  • diarrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the treatment for toxicara?

A

Fenbendazole

Pyrantel Pamoate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with protozoa infections?

A

diarrhea +/- weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the pathology of a protozoa infection?

A

destruction of enterocytes and villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is Giardia diagnosed?

A
  • direct smear
  • cysts on fecal float
  • IFA
  • ELISA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus diagnosed?

A
  • direct smear
  • culture
  • fecal PCR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the treatment for Giardia?

A

Fenbendazole +/- Metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is Coccidia transmitted?

A

fecal-oral or predation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the clinical signs of a coccidia infection?

A
  • weight loss, dehydration, +/- hemorrhage
  • adults can be self-limiting
  • young/immunocompromised: anorexia, vomiting, dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is Coccidia diagnosed?

A
  • direct smear

- fecal float

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is Coccidia treated?

A

Sulfadimethoxine and supportive care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is Cryptosporidium transmitted?

A
  • fecal-oral

- contaminated food/water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of a Cryptosporidium infection?

A
  • self-limiting small bowel diarrhea

- can extend into large intestine and other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is Cryptosporidium diagnosed?

A
  • direct smear and fecal float
  • ELISA
  • PCR
  • Biopsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is Cryptosporidium treated?

A

Paromomycin

Tylosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted?

A

predation and fecal contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the clinical signs of toxoplasma infection?

A
  • pneumonitis
  • GIT signs
  • encephalitis
  • lymphadenopathy
  • liver disease, pancreatitis
  • chorioretinitis
  • fever, weight loss, lethargy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?

A
  • fecal float (limited use)

- antibody titers (IgG, IgM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii treated?

A
  • Clindamycin
  • Trimethoprim-sulfonamide
  • Supportive care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Pythium Insidiosum and how is it transmitted?

A
  • aquatic fungus

- exposure to free standing water > penetration of skin or mucosa by zoospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the clinical signs of a Pythium Insidiosum infection?

A

GIT - vomiting, weight loss, SI diarrhea, hematochezia, abdominal pain

Derm - non-healing skin lesions

37
Q

What is seen on CBC/Chem with a Pythium Insidiosum infection?

A
  • eosinophilia, anemia

- hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia

38
Q

How is Pythium Insidiosum diagnosed?

A
  • CBC/Chem
  • ELISA
  • culture
  • FNA of lesions
  • biopsy
  • radiographs and ultrasound
39
Q

What is seen on biopsy of a Pythium Insidiosum infection?

A
  • severe transmural segmental thickening

- pyogranulomatous and eosinophilic inflammation

40
Q

How is Pythium Insidiosum treated?

A
  • surgical removal of limb or GI segment
  • Itraconazole, Terbinafine
  • immunotherapy in non-resectable cases
41
Q

What is Histoplasmosis and how is it transmitted?

A
  • dimorphic fungus
  • aerosolization to lungs and LNs
  • into GIT or bloodstream
42
Q

What are the clinical signs of a Histoplasmosis infection?

A
  • diarrhea, fever, weight loss to emaciation
  • chronic cough, respiratory difficulty
  • lameness, anemia
  • hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy
  • nasopharyngeal and GI ulcerations
  • skin lesions
43
Q

How is Histoplasmosis diagnosed?

A
  • chest radiographs for lung nodules and LNs
  • ultrasound (thickened intestinal walls)
  • FNA, biopsy, culture, ELISA
44
Q

How is Histoplasmosis treated?

A

Severe cases - Itraconazole, Amphotericin B

Mild cases - Fluconazole, Ketoconazole

45
Q

What is Candida?

A

normal fungal inhabitant of nasopharynx, GIT, and genitalia

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of Candidiasis in cats?

A
  • oral and URT disease
  • pyothorax
  • ocular lesions
  • intestinal disease
  • cystitis
47
Q

What are the clinical signs of Candidiasis in dogs?

A

peritonitis and fungemia

48
Q

What are the top 3 bacteria associated with intestinal disease?

A
  • Salmonella
  • E. coli
  • Campylobacter
49
Q

How is Salmonella transmitted, and what is the pathology?

A
  • raw and/or contaminated foods

- destroys intestinal villi

50
Q

How does a dog acquire Salmon Poisoning disease?

A

Ingestion of salmon infected with flukes carrying the bacteria
- Neorickettsia helminthoeca/elokominica

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of Salmon poisoning disease?

A
  • high fever
  • hematemesis, diarrhea, vomiting
  • lethargy, anorexia
  • nasal and ocular discharge
  • enlarged lymph nodes
52
Q

How is Salmon poisoning disease diagnosed?

A
  • fluke eggs in feces
  • history of ingested fish
  • inclusion bodies in macrophages
  • PCR, serology
  • thrombocytopenia
53
Q

How is Salmon poisoning disease treated?

A
  • hospitalized support
  • Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline
  • Praziquantel for the fluke
54
Q

How is Canine Parvovirus Enteritis transmitted?

A
  • fecal oral transmission
  • affect dogs shed virus while sick
  • can remain infectious in environment for months
  • highly contagious
55
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Canine Parvovirus Enteritis?

A
  • often severe
  • anorexia, depression
  • vomiting, diarrhea
  • hypothermia
  • dehydration
56
Q

How is Canine Parvovirus Enteritis diagnosed?

A

CBC - leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia

Chem - hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia

ELISA of feces or tissue

57
Q

Hos is Canine Parvovirus Enteritis treated?

A
  • fluids
  • symptomatic: antacids, antiemetics, analgesics
  • antibiotics
  • nutrition
  • pro-motility agents
58
Q

What are the complications associated with Canine Parvovirus Enteritis?

A
  • sepsis
  • intussusception
  • peumonia
  • DIC
59
Q

What is the prognosis for Canine Parvovirus Enteritis?

A

if survive the first 3-4 days, likely to make a full recovery

60
Q

What are the clinical signs of Feline Panleukopenia?

A
  • similar to CPV enteritis

- hemorrhagic enteritis

61
Q

What can occur with a peri-natal infection of Feline Panleukopenia?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia

62
Q

How is Feline Panleukopenia diagnosed?

A

Parvo SNAP test

63
Q

Describe coronavirus infection in the cat

A
  • self-limiting to moderate diarrhea
  • can be subclinical
  • can mutate to FIP
64
Q

What is the treatment for a small cell lymphoma?

A

Chlormabucil and Prednisolone

65
Q

Which intestinal neoplasms do cats get?

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Mast cell
66
Q

Which intestinal neoplasms to dogs get?

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Smooth muscle tumors
67
Q

What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

A

insufficient secretion and production of pancreatic enzymes

- leads to maldigestion

68
Q

What are the possible causes of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

A
  • pancreatic acinar atrophy
  • chronic pancreatitis
  • aplasia or hypoplasia
69
Q

What are the clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

A
  • # 1 is weight loss
  • loose stools, steatorrhea
  • ravenous appetite
  • poor hair coat
  • borborygmi
  • flatulence
70
Q

How is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency diagnosed?

A
  • MDB to rule out other causes
  • TLI level
  • low B-12
71
Q

How is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency treated?

A
  • exogenous pancreatic enzyme
  • fresh pancreas
  • pancreatic tablets and capsules
72
Q

What is the principle behind hydrolyzed diets?

A

split proteins to such a small size, that the immune system cannot recognize them as foreign

73
Q

What is antibiotic responsive diarrhea, and what is it due to?

A

small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

  • defects in mucosa
  • aberrant mucosal immune response
  • qualitative change in enteric flora
74
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with antibiotic responsive diarrhea?

A
  • small intestinal diarrhea
  • +/- LI diarrhea and weight loss
  • stunted growth
  • borborygmi, flatulence
  • appetite change
  • vomiting
75
Q

How is antibiotic responsive diarrhea diagnosed?

A
  • response to treatment trial

- biopsy may or may not show concurrent disease and inflammation

76
Q

How is antibiotic responsive diarrhea treated?

A
  • 4-6 weeks of medication

- Metronidazole, Tylosin

77
Q

What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

A
  • disease of dogs and cats with chronic GI signs for which no other cause is documented
  • non-responsive to parasiticides, antibiotics, or diet trials
78
Q

What are the possible causes of inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • disruption of the physiologic interaction of innate and adaptive immune response
  • defective mucosal barrier
  • inappropriate reaction to commensal bacteria or food antigen
79
Q

What can be include in inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • mild to severe inflammatory infiltrates
  • loss of normal villous structure
  • fibrosis
  • goblet cell changes
  • abscesses and cysts
  • lymphangiectasia
  • protein losing disease
80
Q

What is the most common infiltrate in inflammatory bowel disease?

A

lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate

81
Q

What are the treatment options for a minimal change enteropathy?

A
  • deworm: Fenbendazole
  • diet trial
  • antibiotic trial
82
Q

What are the different types of inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • minimal change
  • granulomatous or neutrophilic
  • lymphoplasmacytic
  • eosinophilic
83
Q

What is lymphangiectasia?

A
  • diseased dilated lymphatics
  • inflammation can block lymphatic flow
  • a common cause of protein-losing enteropathy
84
Q

What are the effects of lymphangiectasia?

A
  • exudation of protein-rich lymph into the intestine

- severe malabsorption of fat and other nutrients leading to PLE

85
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with lymphangiectasia?

A
  • decreased appetite, weight loss
  • vomiting, diarrhea
  • ascites
86
Q

What is found on endoscopy with lymphangiectasia?

A
  • white granules/blebs on mucosal surface

- abnormal distension of lymphatic vessels

87
Q

What are the treatment options for lymphangiectasia?

A
  • diet (hydrolyzed and low fat)
  • antibiotics (Metro or Tylosin)
  • immunosuppressants (Pred, Cyclo)
  • thromboprophylaxis (Aspirin or Clop)
  • diuretics for ascites
88
Q

What is a protein-losing enteropathy?

A
  • severe malabsorptive small intestinal disease

- leads to loss of albumin +/- cholesterol an other important proteins and nutrients

Small Animal Medicine II (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions