Gastroenterology - Oral, Pharyngeal, and Esophageal Flashcards
Is canine oral papillomatosis benign or malignant?
benign
How is canine oral papillomatoisis transmitted?
via saliva
Where does canine oral papillomatosis develop?
Describe the appearance
- on mucosal surfaces (lips, muzzle, and gingiva)
- pale, smooth growth initially
- develops into rough and irregular growths with fronds
How is canine oral papillomatosis treated?
- resolves as the dog’s immune system develops
- no surgical intervention unless causing problems
What is the most common malignant oral mass in the dog?
In the cat?
dog - malignant melanoma
cat - squamous cell carcinoma
What is odynophagia?
painful swallowing
What are the clinical signs associated with nasopharyngeal polyps?
- difficulty swallowing
- upper respiratory signs (nasal discharge)
- stertor
How are nasopharyngeal polyps treated?
if only nasopharyngeal - gentle traction removal
if into the ear - ventral bullae osteotomy
What is sialadenitis?
inflammation of the salivary gland
What is sialoadenosis?
bilateral mandibular salivary gland enlargement
non-infectious, non-neoplastic, non-inflammatory
How is sialoadenosis treated?
Phenobarbitol
What are the phases of swallowing?
- oral: prehend food and form bolus that moves to end of tongue
- pharyngeal: propel bolus along pharynx, closure of larynx by epiglottis, inhibition of breathing, UES sphincter opens
- esophageal: bolus moves along esophagus into stomach
Which nerves are responsible for each phase of swallowing?
oral - CN 5, 7, and 12
pharyngeal - CN 9, 11
esophageal - CN 9, 10, SNS
What are the clinical signs associated with the oral phase of swallowing?
dropping food and water
What are the clinical signs associated with the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
retching, coughing, gagging
food expelled rapidly after attempting to swallow
repeated attempts to swallow
What are the clinical signs associated with the esophageal phase of swallowing?
retching, gagging
expelling food quickly after eating or some time later
Which breeds are predisposed to cricopharyngeal achlasia/dysphagia?
cocker and springer spaniels
What are the clinical signs associated with cricopharyngeal achlasia/dysphagia?
repeated attempts to swallow, followed by gagging and regurgitation
How is cricopharyngeal achlasia/dysphagia treated?
- cricopharyngeal myotomy or cricopharyngeal and thyropharyngeal myectomy
- botox muscle injections
What is the main difference between the esophagus in dogs and cats?
dogs - striated muscle
cats - distal aspect is smooth muscle
What is esophagitis?
inflammation of the esophageal mucosa
How is esophagitis treated?
pain management
- buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl
- magic mouthwash
mucosal protectants
- sucralfate/carafate
antacid/proton pump inhibitors
- omeprazole
What are possible complications with esophageal foreign body removal?
- perforation leading to effusion or pyothorax
- stricture
- fistulae or diverticulae
How would you treat an esophageal stricture?
balloon dilatation
What are the possible causes of megaesophagus?
- congenital
- primary CNS: brainstem lesion or primary NM disease
- endocrine associated: hypothyroid, addisons
- lead toxicity
- LES achalasia
What is vascular ring anomaly?
What is the most common cause?
- abnormal vessel entraps the thoracic esophagus
- #1 cause is persistent right aortic arch
What are the clinical signs associated with vascular ring anomaly?
- regurgitation
- unthriftiness
- poor hair coat
- lean body condition
- aspiration pneumonia
Describe the pathogenesis of Spirocerca Lupi
- cystic nodules in esophageal wall
- fistula to lumen allows passage of eggs into alimentary tract
- cyst > granuloma > sarcoma
What are the types of hiatal hernias?
Type 1 - sliding, intermittent displacement of LES and gastric fundus into thorax
Type 2 - gastric fundus displacement only
Which breeds are predisposed to hiatal hernias?
bulldogs and shar pei
