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Medicine > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the MOA of pilocarpine and prostoglandin analogue

A

Increase uveoscleral outflow

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2
Q

What is the MOA of BBs, alpha2 agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

inhibit aqueous humour production

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3
Q

Name an example of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

acetazolamide

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4
Q

What do cycloplegic mydriatic medications do?

A

parlayse the ciliary muscles and dilate the pupils

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5
Q

Name 2 examples of cycloplegic mydriatic medications

A

Atropine
Cyclopentolate

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6
Q

What are the management options for conjunctivitis?

A

Chloramphenicol and fusidic acid eye drops

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7
Q

What is chloramphenicol used for?

A

Used for conjunctivitis and stye-associated infections

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8
Q

What is fusidic acid used for?

A

conjunctivitis
non-bullous impetigo

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9
Q

What lubricating eye drops might you use for blepharitis?

A

Hypromellose
Polyvinyl alcohol
Carbomer

(in order of increasing viscosity)

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10
Q

What is fluoroquinolone used for?

A

Given hourly for 3 days in the sterilisation phase of bacterial keratitis

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11
Q

Name 3 anti-VEGF agents used for prolierative (wet) AMD

A

Ranibizumab
Afibercept
Bevacizumab

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12
Q

How is diabetic retinopathy managed?

A

Intravitreal VEGF inhibitors

Panretinal laser photocoagulation

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13
Q

How is hypertensive retinopathy managed?

A

Mild - oral nifedipine / atenolol

Severe - IV sodium nitroprusside

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14
Q

How is central retinal vein occlusion managed?

A

Within 8 hours -> IV acetazolamide

Over 8 hours -> monitor

In secondary care consider laser photocoagulation, intravitreal steroids, and anti-VEGF therapies

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15
Q

How would you manage central retinal artery occlusion?

A

Inhaling carbogen and offering sublingual isosorbide dinitrate

These will dilate the artery

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16
Q

How would you manage anterior uveitis?

A

Steroids
Cycloplegic mydriatic meds
Laser therapy

17
Q

How would you manage HZO?

A

Oral antivirals 7-10 days within 72 hours

18
Q

How would you manage bacterial keratitis?

A

Sterilisation phase - hourly Abx, cycloplegics, Intraocular hypotensives

Healing phase - topical steroids

19
Q

How would you manage herpes keratitis?

A

Aciclovir ideally but in reality Ganciclovir eye gel is more widely available

20
Q

How would you manage scleritis?

A

NSAIDs
Steroids
Immunosuppression

21
Q

What one treatment is most important for acute and primary open angle glaucoma?

A

Acute - acetazolamide
POAG - prostaglandins

22
Q

Overall, how do you manage acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Pilocarpine eye drops
BB (timolol)
alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine)
acetazolamide
mannitol

23
Q

How would you manage POAG overall?

A

1st line - laser trabeculopathy

2nd line - prostaglandin analogue

24
Q

What is the MOA of Latanoprost and what is the main adverse effect?

A

Prostoglandin analogue

Brown pigmentation of the iris

25
Q

What disease may develop posterior synechiae?

A

Anterior uveitis

26
Q

What is the medical term for a lazy eye?

A

Amblyopia

27
Q

What ophthalmological condition is associated with chronic steroid use?

A

posterior sub-capsular cataracts

28
Q

What opthalmological condition is associated with GCA?

A

AAION

(arteritic anterior ishcaemic optic neuropathy)

29
Q

What is the largest RF for developing MD?

A

smoking

30
Q

What is the medical term for uneven pupil sizes?

A

anisocoria

31
Q

How is hypertensive retinopathy graded?

A

Keith-Wagener classification

1) arteriolar narrowing
2) AV nipping
3) cotton wool exudates
4) papilloedema

32
Q

How do you manage dry AMD?

A

no curative manamagement

High dose beta-carotene, Vitamins C and E, and sinc can slow deterioration

33
Q

How would you manage wet AMD?

A

1st line - anti-VEGF
2nd line - photodynamic therapy

34
Q

What is the most appropriate management of orbital compartment syndrome?

A

Canthotomy

35
Q

Name a common side effect of panretinal photocoagulation

A

Decreased night vision

36
Q

Name a serious complication of scleritis

A

globe perforation

Medicine (22 decks)

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