Ophthalmic test on10/15 Flashcards
Aque/o
water
Ambly/o
dull
Blephar/o
eyelid
Conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
Cor/o
pupil
Corneo/o
cornea
Cycl/o
ciliary body
Dacry/o
tear or lacrimal
Dipl/o
double
Glauc/o
gray or silver
Ir/o
iris
Irid/o
Iris
Kerat/o
cornea or horn
Lacrim/o
tear or lacrimal
Mi/o
less or few
Mydr/o
wide or enlarge
Ocul/o
eye
Ophthalm/o
eye or eyeball
Opt/o
eye or vision
Optic/o
related to the eyes or vision
Palpebr/o
relating to the eyelid
Papill/o
rounded protuberance
Phac/o
lens
Phot/o
light
Presby/o
old age
Pupill/o
pupil
Retin/o
retina
Scler/o
sclera
Uve/o
middle layer of the eye
Vitre/o
glass-like or glassy
Xer/o
dryness
-opia
condition or defect of the eye or visual organs
-opsia
visual disorders
-tropia
one or both eye deviate from the normal position
O.D.
oculus dexter
(right eye)
O.S.
oculus sinister
(left eye)
O.U.
oculi unitas
(both eyes)
What is the cornea?
clear tissue over the iris and pupil
What happens when light enters the cornea?
refracted; allowing images to focus on the retina
Does the cornea have blood vessels?
no
What is cranial nerve 2?
optic nerve
sensory function and vision
What is cranial nerve 3?
oculomotor
motor function
eye globe movement
iris muscle movement
What is cranial nerve 4?
trochlear nerve
motor function
oblique eye globe movement (roll eyes)
What is cranial nerve 6?
abducens
motor function
lateral eye muscle movement
What are the orbital bones in the orbital cavity?
ethmoid bone
frontal bone
lacrimal bone
mixilla
palatine bone
sphenoid bone
zygomatic bone
What are 5 parts of the eyelids?
eye lashes
Meibomian glands
Palpebrae
Palpebrae fissure
Tarsal plate
What does the eye lash do?
protects from airborne particlesW
What are the Meibomian glands?
oil glands
What is the palpebrae?
thin layer of skin (eyelids)
What is the palpebrae fissure?
area between the eyelids (palpebrae)
What is the tarsal plate?
fibrous connective tissue (under eyelid)
protects eye from light and injury
What are the 4 rectus muscles of the eye?
inferior
lateral
medial
superior
What are the 2 oblique muscles of the eye?
inferior
superior
What are the 6 parts of the lacrimal apparatus of the eye?
lacrimal glands
lacrimal ducts
lacrimal canals
puncta
nasolacrimal duct
nasolacrimal sac
What is the conjunctiva of the eye?
thin, transparent, mucous membrane
lines each eyelid
reflects on the bulbar conjuctiva
What are the three tissue layers of the eyeball?
Fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
nervous tunic
What eye structures are in the fibrous tunic?
sclera
cornea
What structures are in the vascular tunic?
choroid
ciliary body (aqueous humor)
iris
pupil
What structures are in the nervous tunic?
retina
What are the 2 cavities of the eye? What fluid is in them?
anterior- aqueous humor
posterior- vitreous humor
What are the chambers of the eye? Where are they located?
in anterior cavity
anterior chamber
posterior chamber
Of vitreous and aqueous humor, which one replenishes?
aqueous does
Where does the optic nerve enter the skull?
the optic foramen
What is photoreception?
perception of waves of light to see
When looking at far away objects what happens to the pupil, ciliary muscle, ligaments, and lens?
pupil dilates
ciliary muscles relax
ligaments contract
lens becomes thinner
When looking at nearby objects what happens to the pupil, ciliary muscle, ligaments, and lens?
pupil relaxes
ciliary muscles contract
ligaments relax
lens becomes thicker
What is binocular vision?
each eye has its own vision; brought together by brain to one vision
What is the fovea centralis?
small dimple at the back of the eyeball
sharpest visual acuity
What is the macula lutea?
responsible for sharp vision
What is the optic disk of the eye?
point of entry for the optic nerve
What are photoreceptors?
light waves converted to electrical signals
What are the two kinds of photoreceptors? What do they see?
rods- black and white
cones- color
What are the 4 transparent (refractive media) structures of the eye?
cornea
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous humor
What is a direct ophthalmoscope?
handheld instrument magnifies the focal point
evaluates the fundus and eye structures
What is an indirect ophthalmoscope?
examines the retina with a wide focal point
What is a phoropter test?
machine that allows range of corrective lenses to compare to find correct visual acuity
What is a slit lamp test?
examines anterior of eye
pupil is dilated
What is used to stain the cornea in a split lamp test?
fluorescein
What studies can be done with a split lamp test?
lid margins
conjunctiva
cornea
iris
What is a tonometer? What can be detected?
measures intra-ocular pressure (IOP) puff of air
glaucoma
What is a fluorescein angiography?
evaluates and diagnoses retinal choroid diseases
What is fluorescein angiography essential for?
planning laser treatment of retinal vascular disease
What does the fluorescein illuminate?
dye to illuminate retina, choroid, vessels, and epithelium
What does an ophthalmic ultrasonography do?
measures density of eye tissue
What is an A-scan ophthalmic ultrasonography?
density measured in amplitude- output looks like an EKG
high density tissue produces an amplified wave
What is a B-scan ophthalmic ultrasonography?
produces images that show a series of spots
denser the tissue darker the image
What does an MRI and ct scan evaluate?
orbital and intracranial structures
What is emmetropia?
20/20 vision
normal
What is night blindness?
decreased ability to see at night
inadequate activation of rods in dim light
What is color blindness?
1 or more classes of cones are nonfunctional
most common- red cones are missing (cannot distinguish between red and green light)
What is convergence?
ability for eye muscles to coordinate and center on one visual field
= clear image on retina (good)
What is strabismus?
lack of eye muscle coordination
eyes do not work together
What is convergent strabismus?
cross-eyed
eyes deviate toward nasal side
What is divergent strabismus?
lazy eye
eye deviates laterally
What disorders are caused by diabetes?
diabetic retinopathy
optic atrophy
cataracts
What is macular degeneration? What are the 2 types?
loss of vision in center of retina caused by damage to BV (blood vessels
dry and wet
What is hyperopia? Where do light rays come together at? What causes it? What is the correction
refractive disorder
farsightedness (can’t see close)
focus behind the retina
abnormally short eyeball
glasses to increase light refraction
Wha is Myopia? Where do light rays come together at? What causes it? What is the correction?
refractive disorder
nearsightedness (can’t see far)
focus in front of retina
eyeball to long
concave lens
What is presbyopia?
lens loses elasticity (with age)
form of hyperopia or myopia
cant see to do close work (reader glasses)
What is astigmatism?
found in hyperopia or myopia
irregular curvature of lens or cornea
incorrect bending of light
What is glaucoma? What happens if its uncontrolled? Why have a surgery?
eye damage
progresses to atrophy of optic nerve, hardening of eyeball, and blindness
reduces tension in eye- drainage of aqueous humor
What is open angled glaucoma?
most common
obstructs trabecular network between posterior and anterior chambers
What is closed angled gluacoma?
shallow anterior chamber
trabecular network covered by iris or adhesions between iris and cornea
What is a cataract?
a gray or silver clouding of the lens of the eye
usually only 1 eye operated on at a time
What are factors promoting the formation of cataracts?
changes in metabolism
transport of nutrients
aging
diabetes
exposure to radiation
use of steroids
What are symptoms of cataracts?
decreased visual acuity
blurred vision
poor vision in dim light
decreased blue/ green color vision
What liter and position are eye surgeries done on?
eye liter
supine position
head on gel doughnut
How are the eyelashes and eyebrows prepped?
eyebrows not shaved
eyelashes can be trimmed with scissors coated with a lubricant to catch
What solutions are used as a prep?
5% betadine
tetracaine gtts or xylocaine topically
BSS balanced salt solution
What areas are prepped for an eye surgery?
eyelid
inner and outer canthas
eyebrows
face
chin
What is iridotomy? What does it treat?
incision into iris
creates opening from anterior to posterior chamber
closed angled glaucoma
What is strabismus?
disorder where eyes do not properly align
What are the two types of strabismus?
convergent
divergent
What is convergent strabismus?
cross-eyed
eye deviate towards nasal
What is divergent strabismus?
eye deviates laterally
What is a muscle resection procedure?
portion of muscle is excised and severed end attached at point of original insertion
shortens and strengthens rectus muscles
What is a muscle recession procedure?
muscle cut and reattached more posteriorly on sclera
lengthens and weakens rectus muscle
What is a corneal transplant? What is another name for it?
grafting of cornea from a cadaver
keratoplasty
What instrument is used for grafting a corneal transplant?
trephine- has a circular blade
What conditions are required to have a corneal transplant?
corneal opacity from infection or thermal burns
keratoconus- irregular astigmatism
corneal scarring or thickening
What is a pterygium? What procedure is used to fix it?
fleshy growth on conjunctiva
pterygium excision- scrape or excise from cornea
What is dermatochalasis? What causes it?
ptosis- drooping
weak congenital superior rectus/ levator muscle
lacerated CN 3
aging
What is a chalazion on the eyelid? How is it removed?
most common benign cyst/tumor
inflammation of the meibomian gland
incision and curettage
What is an entropion eyelid?
lower eye lid turns inward
rarely seen under age 40
What is an ectropion eyelid?
sagging and eversion of the eyelid
“bloodhound”
usually bilateral
common in elderly
What is an enucleation of the eye/globe?
removal of entire eyeball including sclera
muscle and optic nerve severed
orbital contents left in place
Why would an enucleation be done? What is the name of the implant?
malignant tumor
penetrating ocular wound
painful blind eye
infections
coralline hydroxyapatite sphere
What is an evisceration procedure?
removal of eye ball leaving sclera in place
prosthesis moves
What is an exenteration procedure?
removal of entire orbital contents including muscles, lacrimal gland, optic nerve, and various bones
malignancies and infections
What is a trabeculectomy/ trabeculoplasty procedure?
incision in iris to fix open angled glaucoma
increases aqueous fluid
What is an anterior vitrectomy? Why is it done?
retinal procedure
insertion of BSS to fill posterior cavity
Vitreous humor does not replenish itself
What is a posterior vitrectomy? What is it also known as?
retinal procedure
removal of vitreous humor between retina and lens
pars plana vitrectomy
What does posterior vitrectomy treat?
vitreal opacities
vitreal hemorrages
retinal detachments
What is laser assisted in situ keratomileusis?
LASIK
reshapes stromal layer of cornea
(Corneal procedure)
What is phacoemulsification?
breaks up and aspirates cataract or lens with ultrasonic vibrations
What is Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery?
FLACS
corneal incision to create planes in translucent tissues
What is an ICCE procedure?
intracapsular cataract extraction
entire lens removed
anterior and posterior capsules removed
What is an ECCE procedure?
extracapsular cataract extraction
anterior capsule removed
What is used to dissolve the lens zonules in an ICCE procedure?
alpha-chymotrypsin
What is the benefit of an ECCE procedure?
smaller incision and less astigmatism
What is a linear extraction procedure?
small incision into limbus (sclera meets iris)
usually on young adults
What is an implantation of intraocular lens procedure? (IOL) What is it commonly used to treat?
implant of an artificial lens
aphakia (no lens)
What is a posterior chamber lens(PCL)? what is the location?
implant when cataract removed by ECCE
behind the iris
most frequently used
What is an anterior chamber lens (ACL)? what is its location?
implant when cataract removed by ICCE
in front of the iris
What is a pneumatic retinopexy procedure?
injection of air to flatten retina to choroid
What is scleral buckling?
implant of a wedge of silicone to apply pressure to fix retinal tear
used with cryosurgery
What laser is used in eye surgery? What does the laser do to the retina?
argon laser
forms adhesions to seal breaks in retina
What is a dacryocystorhinostomy procedure?
form a connection between lacrimal sac and nasal cavity through lacrimal bone
When does a retrobulbar block get used?
not often
several serious risks
temporary paralysis
nerve block
When does the topical anesthetic get used?
applied before injection to cornea
When does local infiltration get used?
injected into skin beneath conjunctiva
What is a peribulbar nerve block?
injection into soft tissue of the globe
What are the 3 injectable medications in eye surgery?
procaine/ Novocain 1% to 4%
lidocaine/ xylocaine 1% to 2%
epinephrine commonly added
What 2 medicines are used topically in eye surgery?
proparacaine/ proxymetacaine, alcaine, parcaine
hyaluronifase/ wydase- increases absorption of anesthetic agent
What are examples of antibiotics for eye surgeries?
garamycin
neosporin
ciloxan- collagen shield
What are some anti-inflammatory meds given in eye surgery cases?
depo-medrol
decadron
celestone
What are examples of irrigants given in eye surgery cases?
BSS- balances salt solution
lactated ringers
BSS plus- additional enzymes (used during vitrectomies)
What are miotics?
drug to constrict the pupil
What are examples of miotics?
pilocarpine (almocarpine, nova-carpine)
miochol- expires in 15 min
What are mydriatics?
drug to dilate pupils
What are examples of mydriatics?
neo-synephrine- most common
mydrosin
What are cycloplegics? When should you not give to a patient?
dilate pupils
paralysis ciliary muscle
someone with glaucoma
What are examples of cycloplegics used in eye surgeries?
cyclogyl
atropine sulfate
What are examples of vasoconstrictors used in eye surgeries?
epinephrine1:1000
epinephrine 1: 50000-200000
cocaine 4% to 10%
alpha-chymotrypsin
What dye is used in eye surgeries? What color is it?
fluorescein sodium- stains cornea
yellow green in color- turns green @ abrasion
What is a phacoemulsifier aspirator?
ultrasonic energy waves to break up cataract in ECCE
What sutures are used in eye surgeries?
range from 4-0 to 10-0
single and double arm
handle minimally
