Neurosurgery Test (2) on 11/1

Question 1

what diagnostic test can be done for a neuro patient

Answer 1

ct scan
x-ray
mri

Question 2

What is a PET scan

Answer 2

positron emission topography
noninvasive nuclear imaging
IV radioactive glucose: radiotracers

Question 3

what does the PEt scan evaluate

Answer 3

how organs and tissues function
physiological processes and rate of metabolism
“hot spots” higher activity (red)
“cold spots” lower activity (dark)

Question 4

what does a PET scan dx

Answer 4

brain abnormalities
tumors
memory disorders
seizures

Question 5

what is an encephalography

Answer 5

ultrasound image of the brain
quick but basic
swelling
hemorrhage
abscesses

Question 6

what is an EEG

Answer 6

electroencephalogram
reads electrical impulses
test for epilepsy
sleep disorder
brain injuries
brain death in coma patient

Question 7

what is a cerebral angiography

Answer 7

iv radiopaque dye imaging blood supply
percutaneous IV catheter into carotid (often groin)

Question 8

what is a digitalized cerebral angiography?

Answer 8

angiogram read by computer- creates a precise image of vessel anatomy
removes bone and brain images

Question 10

what is a myelogram?

Answer 10

x-ray to diagnose compressed spinal cord/ herniated disc
inject contrast media into subarachnoid space

Question 11

what is a lumbar puncture

Answer 11

hypodermic needle inserted into subarachnoid space (L3-L5)

Question 12

what are reasons for doing a lumbar puncture

Answer 12

-examine CSF for:
blood, infection, and cancer cells
inject medicine:
-contrast media and anesthetics
-reduce pressure

Question 13

what is SSEP monitoring

Answer 13

somatosensory evoked potentials
-nerve monitoring
during spinal surgeries and tumor excisions

Question 14

what are three brain traumas

Answer 14

brain bleed
fractures
paralysis

Question 15

what are brain bleeds of the brain

Answer 15

epi/subdural hematomas
creates pressure that can lead to death

Question 16

what kind of traumatic fractures can happen to the brain

Answer 16

cranial
spinal

Question 17

what types of paralysis can happen to the brain due to trauma

Answer 17

-paraplegia- damage thoracic spinal cord- loss of function in lower limbs, bladder, and bowel
-quadriplegia- damage above C5- loss of function in all 4 limbs, bladder, and bowel

Question 18

what is Tic Douloureux

Answer 18

trigeminal neuralgia
nerve disease
severe facial pain
nerve 5
cause could be trauma, stroke, pinched nerve, or UK

Question 19

what is shingles

Answer 19

nerve disease
herpes zoster virus (chicken pox)
painful rash
complications: vision loss or neuralgia

Question 20

what is encephalitis

Answer 20

CNS infection
inflammation of the brain
autoimmune disease

Question 21

what is a brain abcess

Answer 21

CNS infection
increased ICP

Question 22

what is subdural empyema

Answer 22

CNS infection
infectious mass between brain/spine and dura
-2ndary to trauma, meningitis, or surgical contamination

Question 23

what is Alzheimer’s

Answer 23

neurodegenerative disease/ fatal
memory loss, reasoning, behavior issues

Question 24

what is Parkinson’s

Answer 24

brain disorder, tremors, movement difficulty
affected basal ganglia

Question 25

what is post-poliomyelitis syndrome

Answer 25

lasting paralysis after poli infection
destruction of somatic motor neurons

Question 26

what is prions disease

Answer 26

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CJD

Question 27

what is Huntington’s disease

Answer 27

genetic disorder
progressive degeneration of brain
uncontrollable or loss of movement

Question 28

what are demyelinating disorders

Answer 28

destruction of myelin sheaths
gradual loss of sensation or motor function

Question 29

what is multiple sclerosis

Answer 29

demyelinating disorder
affects speech, balance, motor skills
30–40-year-old onset
no cure

Question 30

what is Guillain-Barre syndrome

Answer 30

demyelinating disorder
progressive but reversible
weakness in legs- spread to trunk and arms

Question 31

what happens with heavy metal poisoning

Answer 31

demyelinating disorder
from arsenic, lead, mercury

Question 32

what is cerebral palsy

Answer 32

abnormal brain development
seizure disorders
may begin in utero or infancy

Question 33

what is epilepsy?

Answer 33

seizure disorder
cause not always identified
medication or surgery

Question 34

what is hydrocephalus

Answer 34

abundant CSF fluid- high pressure in cranium
occurs at birth
can occur in adults from trauma or disease

Question 35

what is Chiari malformation

Answer 35

herniation of cerebellum through foramen magnum
tx remove portions of occipital bone

Question 36

what is craniosynostosis

Answer 36

premature closure of cranial suture
should remain open until age 2
brain damage or misshaped head

Question 37

what is spina bifida

Answer 37

embryonic sac that develops in spinal cord
Neural tube defect

Question 38

What are the types of Spina Bifida?

Answer 38

spins bifida occulta (spine not fused properly)
meningocele- (herniation of meninges)
myelomeningocele (herniation of meninges and spinal cord)

Question 39

what is encephalocele

Answer 39

neural tube defect
brain and meninges herniate through opening in the skull

Question 40

what is scoliosis

Answer 40

lateral curve of the spine

Question 41

what is Kyphosis

Answer 41

“hunchback”
exaggerated curvature of “thoracic” spine

Question 42

what is Lordosis

Answer 42

abnormal upright posture, swayback
exaggerated curvature of the “lumbar” spine