Neurosurgery Test (2) on 11/1 Flashcards

1
Q

what diagnostic test can be done for a neuro patient

A

ct scan
x-ray
mri

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2
Q

What is a PET scan

A

positron emission topography
noninvasive nuclear imaging
IV radioactive glucose: radiotracers

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3
Q

what does the PEt scan evaluate

A

how organs and tissues function
physiological processes and rate of metabolism
“hot spots” higher activity (red)
“cold spots” lower activity (dark)

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4
Q

what does a PET scan dx

A

brain abnormalities
tumors
memory disorders
seizures

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5
Q

what is an encephalography

A

ultrasound image of the brain
quick but basic
swelling
hemorrhage
abscesses

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6
Q

what is an EEG

A

electroencephalogram
reads electrical impulses
test for epilepsy
sleep disorder
brain injuries
brain death in coma patient

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7
Q

what is a cerebral angiography

A

iv radiopaque dye imaging blood supply
percutaneous IV catheter into carotid (often groin)

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8
Q

what is a digitalized cerebral angiography?

A

angiogram read by computer- creates a precise image of vessel anatomy
removes bone and brain images

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

what is a myelogram?

A

x-ray to diagnose compressed spinal cord/ herniated disc
inject contrast media into subarachnoid space

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11
Q

what is a lumbar puncture

A

hypodermic needle inserted into subarachnoid space (L3-L5)

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12
Q

what are reasons for doing a lumbar puncture

A

-examine CSF for:
blood, infection, and cancer cells
inject medicine:
-contrast media and anesthetics
-reduce pressure

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13
Q

what is SSEP monitoring

A

somatosensory evoked potentials
-nerve monitoring
during spinal surgeries and tumor excisions

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14
Q

what are three brain traumas

A

brain bleed
fractures
paralysis

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15
Q

what are brain bleeds of the brain

A

epi/subdural hematomas
creates pressure that can lead to death

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16
Q

what kind of traumatic fractures can happen to the brain

A

cranial
spinal

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17
Q

what types of paralysis can happen to the brain due to trauma

A

-paraplegia- damage thoracic spinal cord- loss of function in lower limbs, bladder, and bowel
-quadriplegia- damage above C5- loss of function in all 4 limbs, bladder, and bowel

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18
Q

what is Tic Douloureux

A

trigeminal neuralgia
nerve disease
severe facial pain
nerve 5
cause could be trauma, stroke, pinched nerve, or UK

19
Q

what is shingles

A

nerve disease
herpes zoster virus (chicken pox)
painful rash
complications: vision loss or neuralgia

20
Q

what is encephalitis

A

CNS infection
inflammation of the brain
autoimmune disease

21
Q

what is a brain abcess

A

CNS infection
increased ICP

22
Q

what is subdural empyema

A

CNS infection
infectious mass between brain/spine and dura
-2ndary to trauma, meningitis, or surgical contamination

23
Q

what is Alzheimer’s

A

neurodegenerative disease/ fatal
memory loss, reasoning, behavior issues

24
Q

what is Parkinson’s

A

brain disorder, tremors, movement difficulty
affected basal ganglia

25
what is post-poliomyelitis syndrome
lasting paralysis after poli infection destruction of somatic motor neurons
26
what is prions disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CJD
27
what is Huntington's disease
genetic disorder progressive degeneration of brain uncontrollable or loss of movement
28
what are demyelinating disorders
destruction of myelin sheaths gradual loss of sensation or motor function
29
what is multiple sclerosis
demyelinating disorder affects speech, balance, motor skills 30–40-year-old onset no cure
30
what is Guillain-Barre syndrome
demyelinating disorder progressive but reversible weakness in legs- spread to trunk and arms
31
what happens with heavy metal poisoning
demyelinating disorder from arsenic, lead, mercury
32
what is cerebral palsy
abnormal brain development seizure disorders may begin in utero or infancy
33
what is epilepsy?
seizure disorder cause not always identified medication or surgery
34
what is hydrocephalus
abundant CSF fluid- high pressure in cranium occurs at birth can occur in adults from trauma or disease
35
what is Chiari malformation
herniation of cerebellum through foramen magnum tx remove portions of occipital bone
36
what is craniosynostosis
premature closure of cranial suture should remain open until age 2 brain damage or misshaped head
37
what is spina bifida
embryonic sac that develops in spinal cord Neural tube defect
38
What are the types of Spina Bifida?
spins bifida occulta (spine not fused properly) meningocele- (herniation of meninges) myelomeningocele (herniation of meninges and spinal cord)
39
what is encephalocele
neural tube defect brain and meninges herniate through opening in the skull
40
what is scoliosis
lateral curve of the spine
41
what is Kyphosis
"hunchback" exaggerated curvature of "thoracic" spine
42
what is Lordosis
abnormal upright posture, swayback exaggerated curvature of the "lumbar" spine
43