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Surgical Tech 200 > Cardio and Vascular Test on 10/7 > Flashcards

Cardio and Vascular Test on 10/7 Flashcards

1
Q

Anastomosis

A

surgical connection made between two tubular structures

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2
Q

arrythmia

A

irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat

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3
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

arteries become thick and stiff, hardening of the arteries

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4
Q

atherosclerosis

A

buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in/ on artery walls (plaques)

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5
Q

asystole

A

without a heartbeat, failure of hearts electrical system

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6
Q

autogenous

A

originating within the body

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7
Q

bifurcation

A

separation into two branches, point of forking

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8
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate, fewer than 60 beats per min

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9
Q

cannula

A

tube or sheath allowing escape of fluid

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10
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by the heart over one minute (L/min)

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11
Q

cardiopulmonary

A

pertaining to the heart and lungs

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12
Q

costal

A

relating to the ribs

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13
Q

cyanosis

A

slightly blue-gray discoloration of skin
reduced amounts of O2 in blood
hemoglobin= O2 carrying protein in RBC’s

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14
Q

empyema

A

pus in blood cavity, especially pleural cavity

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15
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid and random, tremulous, ineffectual contractions of the heart

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16
Q

defibrillation

A

stopping fibrillation of heart through use of drugs, physical, or electrical means

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17
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart muscle, refilling of the chambers

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18
Q

ectopic beat

A

single heartbeat occurs to quickly or to slowly, an extra or skipped beat

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19
Q

embolus

A

matter in blood vessel
fat globule, air bubble, piece of tissue, clump of bacteria, foreign object, or clot

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20
Q

endocardial

A

within heart or arising from inner lining of the heart

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21
Q

extracorporeal

A

outside of the body

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22
Q

heart block

A

disruption in electrical impulses controlling the heart.

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23
Q

hypoxia

A

lack of an adequate amount of O2 in inspired air, reduced oxygen content or tension

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24
Q

intercostal space

A

space between the ribs

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25
Q

lumen

A

space within an artery, vein, tube

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26
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

excessive acidity of body fluids resulting from an increase in acids other than carbonic acid (carbon dioxide in water solution)

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27
Q

myocardial

A

pertaining to the heart muscle

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28
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

acute condition in which heart muscles die from ischemia and may lead to sudden cardiac death

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29
Q

occlusion

A

abnormal closure of a passageway such as a blood vessel

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30
Q

plaque

A

patch or atherosclerosis consisting of cholesterol, lipids, cellular debris that forms in the inner layers of the walls of the arteries

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31
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane enclosing the lungs and lining the walls of the thoracic cavity

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32
Q

pleura space

A

aka intrapleural space
potential space between parietal and visceral pleura

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33
Q

pleural effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

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34
Q

What does PVC stand for?

A

premature ventricular contractions

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35
Q

What is a PVC?

A

cardiac arrythmia characterized by a ventricular beat preceding the expected electrical impulse; may be a precursor of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation

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36
Q

septum

A

wall dividing two cavities, such as chambers of the heart

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37
Q

stenosis

A

constriction or narrowing of a passageway

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38
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart muscle; pushing blood forward

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39
Q

tachycardia

A

fast hear rate; more than 100 beats per min

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40
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel or a cavity of the heart

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41
Q

trabecula carinae

A

thick muscular bands attached to inner walls of the ventricles of the heart

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42
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the caliber (diameter) of a blood vessel

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43
Q

what is the thoracic cavity?

A

anatomic space superior to abdominal cavity

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44
Q

What are the two membranes the thoracic cavity is divided into?

A

mediastinum (heart)
right and left pleural spaces (lungs)

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45
Q

What is the pericardium of the heart?

A

2-layer sac surrounding the heart (remember balloon image)

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46
Q

What are the 2 layers that cover the heart?

A

parietal- outside lining the mediastinum
visceral- inside lining the heart

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47
Q

What structures are in the mediastinum?

A

great vessels
trachea
esophagus
phrenic nerve
vagus nerve
thymus gland

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48
Q

What are the great vessels?

A

aorta
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
vena cavas

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49
Q

what does the phrenic nerve do?

A

diaphragm activity (1 on each side of the heart)

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50
Q

what does the vagas nerve do?

A

innervates the heart, lungs, and digestive tract

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51
Q

what does the thymus gland do? What happens over time?

A

produces immune system cells
atrophy and declines with age

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52
Q

How many chambers are in the heart? What are they?

A

4
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

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53
Q

what does the right atrium do?

A

collects deoxygenated blood

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54
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

circulates deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation

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55
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

collects oxygenated blood from lungs

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56
Q

what does the left ventricle do?

A

pushes oxygenated blood to the body

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57
Q

What is the apex of the heart

A

bottom tip of heart
right and left ventricle meet

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58
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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59
Q

Describe the epicardium layer of the heart

A

along visceral pericardium
protective outer layer

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60
Q

describe the myocardium layer of the heart

A

muscular middle layer

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61
Q

describe the endocardium layer of the heart

A

inner most layer, surface of the chambers

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62
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A

aortic
mitral
pulmonary
tricuspid

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63
Q

Where is the aortic valve? Which way is blood moving?

A

between left ventricle and the aorta
oxygenated blood goes to body

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64
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

between left atrium and left ventricle
oxygenated blood from atrium to ventricle

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65
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
deoxygenated blood going to lungs

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66
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

between right atrium and right ventricle
deoxygenated blood from atrium to ventricle

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67
Q

What structures make up a valve?

A

leaflets/cusps
chordee tendinea
papillary muscles

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68
Q

What are leaflets/cusps?

A

flaps of tissue that comprise each valve

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69
Q

What are the chordee tendinea?

A

fibers that prevent leaflets from prolapsing

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70
Q

What does prolapse mean?

A

opening backwards

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71
Q

What are the papillary muscles?

A

anchor points of chordee tendinea in walls of ventricles

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72
Q

Explain the vena cava:
how many? size? flood flow?

A

superior and inferior
largest vein in body
returns deoxygenated blood from body

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73
Q

Explain the aorta:
size? blood flow?

A

largest artery
oxygenated blood to the body

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74
Q

Explain pulmonary arteries:
blood flow?

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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75
Q

Explain pulmonary veins:
blood flow?

A

oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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76
Q

What are the atria and ventricles doing when in systole and diastole?

A

atria in systole then ventricles are in diastole

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77
Q

What is blood flow through the heart? body to body

A

superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary arteries
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta

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78
Q

What is the coronary circuit?

A

arteries and veins running through the heart muscle

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79
Q

what does the coronary circuit supply?

A

blood, nutrients, O2

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80
Q

Where do the coronary arteries originate? How many main coronary arteries are there?

A

root of the aorta
2 right and left

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81
Q

Where do the coronary veins terminate?

A

coronary sinus at back of heart
(a duct that empties into right atrium)

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82
Q

What does the left coronary artery do?

A

feeds the left side of the heart

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83
Q

What 2 arteries come off of the left main/coronary artery?

A

lefts anterior descending artery
circumflex artery

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84
Q

What does the left anterior descending artery do?

A

LAD feeds the anterior portion of the left heart

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85
Q

What does the circumflex artery do?

A

feeds the posterior portion of the left heart

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86
Q

What does the right coronary artery do?

A

feeds the right side of the heart

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87
Q

Heart function is controlled by what system

A

nervous system

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88
Q

What 5 structures comprise the electrical system of the heart?

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
L/R bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

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89
Q

What is the SA node?

A

sinoatrial node
pacemaker”
60-100 normal range
causes contractions of atria

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90
Q

What is the AV node?

A

atrioventricular node
between atria and ventricles
(Allows relaxation)

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91
Q

What is the Bundle of His?

A

funnels impulses to fibers of the ventricles

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92
Q

What are the L and R bundle branches?

A

carry impulses to Purkinje fibers of respective ventricle

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93
Q

What are the Purkinje fibers?

A

cause contraction and relaxation of the ventricles

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94
Q

What is an angiography?

A

injection of radiopaque dye used in conjunction with x-ray to view vessels and tributaries

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95
Q

What can the angiography detect?

A

tightening (stenosis) and widening (aneurysm) of vessels

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96
Q

What are the 2 types of angiography?

A

arteriography
venography

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97
Q

What is a arteriography?

A

specifically observes the arteries

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98
Q

What is a venography?

A

specifically observes the veins

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99
Q

What is the MRI used for ?

A

takes time
extremely detailed (heart, vessels, and organs

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100
Q

What is the CT scan used for?downfall?

A

faster
less detailed
exposure to radiation

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101
Q

What is a transesophageal echocardiogram? How is it done?

A

TEE
ultrasound of the heart
through the mouth into esophagus-behind the heart
blood flow

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102
Q

What is heparin sodium used as? How is it administered? How is it calculated?

A

anticoagulant
IV at beginning of case
by patient weight
topically in irrigation

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103
Q

What is Protamine Sulfate used as? when is it given? How is it calculated?

A

Heparin antagonist
end of surgery
calculated according to amount of Heparin used

104
Q

Why is Lidocaine 1% given? How is it administered? what is another name?

A

anti-arrhythmic
by IV
xylocaine

105
Q

What is cardioplegia used for? When is it given? What is it made up of? How is it administered?

A

directly to coronary vessels to stop heart during surgery
periodically throughout the case
potassium and nutrients
heart-lung machine by perfusionist

106
Q

What are inotropic drugs?

A

increase blood output

107
Q

What are 2 inotropic drugs for heart cases?

A

dopamine
epinephrine

108
Q

What does dopamine do to the heart?

A

increases heart rate and contraction strength

109
Q

What does epinephrine do to the heart?

A

increases heart rates and causes vasoconstriction
(Adrenaline)

110
Q

What is Atropine used as? What can it treat?

A

anticholinergic- inhibits parasympathetic nervous system
bradycardia

111
Q

What is Papaverine used for?

A

antispasmodic- treats vessel spasm
vasodilator to relax blood vessels

112
Q

What is sodium bicarbonate used for?

A

metabolic acidosis

113
Q

What is a coronary artery disease?

A

tightening (sclerosis) of the coronary arteries= restricted blood flow to heart muscles

114
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

heart attack
decrease or blockage of blood to the heart

115
Q

What is cardiomyopathy? What are two ways it presents?

A

muscular disease- inefficient blood pumping
thickening/stiffening of muscles
dilation of the chambers

116
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

not enough blood pumped to meet body’s needs

117
Q

What are common causes of congestive heart failure?

A

coronary artery diseases
high blood pressure
poorly controlled diabetes

118
Q

What are signs and symptoms of coronary heart failure?

A

short of breath
coughing
fatigue
fluid collection in legs

119
Q

What are two conduction disorders of the heart?

A

atrial fibrillation
ventricular fibrillation

120
Q

What is atrial fibrillation? What are major risks?

A

beating of atria is irregular
“quivering”
clot formation/ stroke

121
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation of the heart?

A

beating of ventricles is irregular
rapid and incomplete

122
Q

What are three congenital diseases of the heart?

A

patent ductus arteriosus
coarctation of the aorta
tetralogy of Fallot

123
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

defect when the hole between the aorta and the pulmonary valve do not close (usually within 24 hours of birth)

124
Q

What is a coarctation of the heart?

A

a stricture of the aorta preventing blood flow to the body

125
Q

What are the 4 main points about Tetralogy of fallot?

A

most common cyanotic congenital anomaly
- hole between ventricles
-aorta gets blood from both ventricles
-hardening of pulmonary artery
-enlarged right ventricle -

126
Q

What are 4 inflammatory diseases of the heart? what are they caused by?

A

endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, and rheumatic disease
infection, IV drug use, autoimmune disease, chemicals or medications,

127
Q

What is a valvular disorder of the heart?

A

disrupted function of the valves

128
Q

What can cause valvular disorders?

A

thickening (stenosis) of the leaflets
prolapse of leaflets
damage to leaflets, chordee tendinea, or papillary muscles

129
Q

What is an ascending aortic aneurysm? What can cause it?

A

weakening of walls of the aorta
formation of a sac/ bulge
smoking, chronic high BP, hardening of artery, genetic defects

130
Q

What is a median sternotomy incisional approach? What instrument is used to make incision? What can be accessed? What position is patient in?

A

from sternal notch to xyphoid
sternal saw
heart and great vessels
supine

131
Q

What incisions are used in a thoracotomy incisional approach? What position is patient in? What can be accessed?

A

trans or subcostal incision
lateral or supine with bump under patient
lung surgery

132
Q

What is a mini thoracotomy incisional approach? What kind of surgeries are done? What position is the patient in?

A

small incision then thoracotomy incision
minimally invasive valve and bypass surgeries
lateral or supine with a bump under patient

133
Q

What cavities can be accessed in a thoracoabdominal incision? What procedures is done? What position is the patient in?

A

allows access to thoracic and abdominal cavities
aortic aneurysms extending into both cavities
lateral

134
Q

What is a clamshell thoracotomy incision?

A

emergency incision allows access into entire thoracic cavity

135
Q

What position is a patient in for a percutaneous incision? What technique is used? What procedures is it used for?

A

supine position
seldingers technique
cardiac catheterizations: angiography, coronary stents, valve replacements

136
Q

What is a PTCA procedure? Where is it usually performed?

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
minimal invasive trats narrowed coronary arteries
cath lab

137
Q

How is a PTCA procedure performed?

A

a balloon cath is inserted in peripheral artery
inflated to compress plaque to walls
stent may be placed

138
Q

What is a cardiopulmonary bypass procedure? What is usually administered?

A

way to divert blood from heart and lungs- open surgery
cardioplegia stops heart beats

139
Q

What is the cardiopulmonary bypass machine?

A

“the pump” or “heart-lung machine”
collects patients blood
filters and oxygenates it
pumps back to patient

140
Q

In a cardiopulmonary bypass machine procedure what blood is collected and where is cannula placed?

A

venous blood
in vena cava

141
Q

In a cardiopulmonary bypass machine procedure how is blood returned to patient?

A

arterial cannula
in aorta

142
Q

In a cardiopulmonary bypass machine procedure what vessels can be used for cannulation?

A

femoral
subclavian

143
Q

In a cardiopulmonary bypass machine procedure what must the patient be on? (med) and why?

A

heparin for whole surgery
to minimize blood clots

144
Q

What is the cannulation technique?

A

placement of cannulas for CPB procedure

145
Q

What are the steps in a cannulation technique?

A

purse string suture placed in vessel (prolene)
create incision and place cannula
cinch down purse string with a tourniquet
remove cannula and use purse string to close hole in vessel

146
Q

What is an aortic cross clamping technique?

A

used in conjunction with heart lung machine
isolates heart from blood flow
cardioplegia injected into coronary arteries to provide nourishment

147
Q

What is a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure?

A

CABG
divert blood flow beyond a blockage in a coronary artery “bypass”
delivers more blood to the heart

148
Q

Where can vessels come from when doing a CABG

A

left internal mammary artery lima)
Greater saphenous vein
Radial artery

149
Q

What is a valve repair and replacement procedure? Which valves?

A

corrects stenotic, prolapsed, or damaged heart valve
aortic, mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary

150
Q

what kind of suture is used in a valve repair and replacement procedure?

A

prolene

151
Q

What are mechanical valves replaced with?

A

titanium

152
Q

What are tissue valves replaced with?

A

heterograft created from pericardium of cow (bovine) or pig (porcine)

153
Q

What kind of incisions are traditionally used to perform valve repair/replacement?

A

open sternotomy
cardiopulmonary bypass
minimally invasive

154
Q

What is the name of the minimally invasive procedures to do a valve repair/replacement?

A

TAVR
DaVinci Robot

155
Q

What does TAVR stand for?

A

transcatheter aortic valve replacement

156
Q

What are the steps for a TAVR?

A

expandable valve implant loaded onto a balloon
catheter fed through vessel to aortic arch
inflate balloon
places new valve and crushes diseased one

157
Q

Is a CPB needed for a TAVR procedure?

A

No

158
Q

Is a CPB needed for a DaVinci robot procedure?

A

yes

159
Q

What is an ascending aortic aneurysm repair?

A

resection of diseased ascending aortic tissues

160
Q

What are the two types of procedures to do an ascending aortic aneurysm repair?

A

bentall procedure
debakey procedure

161
Q

What are conduction disorders of the heart?

A

disruptions in the electrical impulses of the heart
chronic arrythmias

162
Q

What are 3 ways to control arrythmias of the heart?

A

implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
pacemaker
radiofrequency ablation

163
Q

What is an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?

A

battery powered/ implant
shocks when arrythmia is detected
“reboots” the system

164
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

battery powered/ implant
increases heartrate
can be temporary

165
Q

What is radiofrequency ablation?

A

heat device destroys small amounts of tissue
interrupts pathways causing arrythmias
usually when medicine doesn’t work

166
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

collection of fluid around the heart
blood, serous fluid, infection

167
Q

Why are pericardial effusions drained?

A

to restore heart function
diagnostically to test for infection
emergent procedure

168
Q

How are pericardial effusions drained?

A

percutaneously (by needle and syringe)
incision just above the xyphoid

169
Q

What are 3 cardiac support devices?

A

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)
Ventricular assist device (VAD)

170
Q

What is an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation device? What is the patient on for duration?

A

(ECMO)
cardiopulmonary support for severely ill patients
form of life support
“portable”
patient is heparinized

171
Q

What is an intra-aortic balloon pump?

A

IABP
short term device to help heart recover from surgery or cardiac arrest

172
Q

How does an intra-aortic balloon pump work? Where is it placed?

A

balloon inflates and deflates to increase blood flow to the coronary arteries
descending aorta via femoral artery

173
Q

What is a ventricular assist device?

A

VAD
battery powered implant to help patients with advanced heart failure

174
Q

Who would receive a VAD? How long can patient be on device? What must patient be on?

A

waiting for heart transplant
survival up to 5 years
anticoagulation therapy- heparin

175
Q

What is a cell saver?

A

suction device
collects blood from field
spins blood to separate RBC’s
RBC’s back to patient via IV

176
Q

What are internal defibrillators?

A

paddles for delivering shock directly to heart

177
Q

What are pledgets?

A

soft material on a suture- prevents from tearing through the tissue

178
Q

What are suture boots? what instrument is used to pass them onto field?

A

rubber booties for tagging sutures (prolene)
on a mosquito

179
Q

What is an aortic punch? What procedure is it used in?

A

used to punch hole in aorta for bypass graft anastomosis
CABG

180
Q

What is a doppler? What is used on patient’s skin?

A

ultrasonic high frequency to assess blood flow through a vessel
gel

181
Q

What space are the lungs contained in?

A

plueral space

182
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung? How many in the right lung?

A

left 2
upper/ superior
lower/ inferior

right 3:
upper/ superior
middle
lower/ inferior

183
Q

What separates the lobes of the lungs?

A

fissures

184
Q

What two layers cover each pleural space?

A

visceral layer- closest to organ
parietal layer- outer

185
Q

What does the pleural fluid in the chest cavity do?

A

lubrication and hydration of tissues

186
Q

What does the trachea bifurcate to form?

A

left and right bronchi which carry air to the lungs

187
Q

The Left and right bronchi subdivide into what?

A

bronchioles- tiny passageways

188
Q

Where do the bronchioles terminate at?

A

the alveoli- grapelike clusters

189
Q

What is the helium?

A

structure/ notch that pulmonary vessels. nerves, and bronchi enter the lung

190
Q

What position is a patient when in an open thoracotomy? What kind of incision?

A

lateral or supine with a bump
costal- sometimes remove rib

191
Q

What are 2 minimally invasive thoracic surgery approaches?

A

VATS and robotic assisted

192
Q

What is a VATS surgery?

A

video assisted thoracic surgery

193
Q

What is a bronchoscopy surgery?

A

visualization of the trachea and the bronchi
removal of foreign bodies
remove clots/ mucous
biopsies

194
Q

What are the two types of bronchoscopes?

A

rigid and flexible

195
Q

What is a mediastinoscopy procedure? Where is the incision placed?

A

examination of the mediastinal cavity
the sterna notch

196
Q

why perform a mediastinoscopy procedure?

A

biopsy of lymph nodes for lung or esophageal cancer

197
Q

How are specimens for a mediastinoscopy handled?

A

place on tefla and label
do not crush or damage

198
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

air in the pleural cavity

199
Q

what is atelectasis?

A

collapsed lung

200
Q

What can cause a pneumothorax?

A

trauma
lung surgery
COPD

201
Q

What is a hemothorax?

A

collection of blood

202
Q

What can cause a hemothorax?

A

trauma
surgery

203
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

collection of pleural fluid

204
Q

What can cause a pleural effusion?

A

heart failure
cancer
infections

205
Q

Whatcan cause atelectasis?

A

pneumothorax
hemothorax
pleural effusion

206
Q

What is thoracentesis?

A

removal of fluid from the pleural space

207
Q

What is thoracentesis a treatment for?

A

pleural effusion
hemothorax

208
Q

What would the fluid from thoracentesis be biopsied for?

A

cancer
infection

209
Q

What is lung decortication?

A

removal of fibrotic pleura covering chest wall or lungs

210
Q

What can cause lung decortication?

A

disease
infection
trauma
age

211
Q

What is pleurodesis?

A

treatment to make lung stick to chest wall
irritate the pleura to cause massive inflammation

212
Q

What is empyema?

A

accumulation of purulent fluid and infected material in pleural cavity

213
Q

What is the most common carcinoma?

A

lung cancer
especially in USA

214
Q

What are the four types of lung resections?

A

wedge
segmentectomy
lobectomy
pneumectomy

215
Q

What is a wedge lung resection?

A

wedge of lung for smaller localized tumors

216
Q

What is a segmentectomy lung resection?

A

larger resection then a wedge but not the whole lobe

217
Q

What is a lobectomy lung resection? How is the resection named?

A

removal of entire lobe
for which lobe is taken “right upper lobectomy”

218
Q

What is a pneumonectomy lung resection?

A

remove entire lung

219
Q

What instrument are most lung resections performed with?

A

staplers

220
Q

What is individually stapled when doing a lung resection?

A

individual pulmonary vessels and bronchus

221
Q

What class is a lung resection?

A

class 2

222
Q

What is a lung transplant?

A

replacement of one or both lungs

223
Q

What severe lung diseases do patients have that would receive a lung transplant?

A

cystic defects
COPD
birth defects
with a heart transplant

224
Q

What is a pectus excavatum?

A

congenital condition
sternum sunken into chest

225
Q

What is the name of the procedure to repair pectus excavatum?

A

nuss procedure

226
Q

What is a nuss procedure?

A

repair pectus excavatum
thoracoscopic treatment
steel bars into sternum for 3 years

227
Q

Where are chest tubes placed after a thoracic surgery

A

1 low to drain blood and fluid
1 high to restore negative pressure

228
Q

What is used to suture chest tubes in place?

A

nylon, silk,ethibond

229
Q

What is a water sealed chest tube? How does it work?

A

suction pulls air from chest
through a chamber with water
water serves as a valve that prevents air from going back to chest

230
Q

3 things to consider with chest tubes are?

A

never connect to the neptune
keep below patient chest level
mat use heparin so blood can be returned to patient

231
Q

What is the circulation of blood through the vessels?

A

heart
arteries
arterioles
capillary bed
venules
veins

232
Q

Arteries are smaller or larger then veins

A

smaller

233
Q

What are the 3 layers of the arteries and veins?

A

tunica intima (inside)
tunica media
tunica adventitia (outside) tunica media

234
Q

What are the 5 parts of the aorta?

A

aorta root (valve from heart)
ascending branch
aortic arch
descending (thoracic) branch
abdominal aorta

235
Q

What 3 branches come off of the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic (right common carotid and right subclavian)
left common carotid
left subclavian

236
Q

What arteries come off of the subclavian artery?

A

axillary
brachial- radial and ulnar

237
Q

What arteries come off of the abdominal aorta?

A

renal
common iliacs (bifurcation)

238
Q

What are the major arteries off of the common iliacs?

A

femoral
popliteal
a/p tibials
dorsalis pedis

239
Q

What are the major veins called superior and inferior to the heart?

A

vena cava
superior (from head and arms) and inferior (from the body)

240
Q

What are the 3 major veins above the vena cava?

A

internal jugular
external jugular
brachiocephalic

241
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein connect?

A

abdomen to the liver

242
Q

What are the 2 veins in the leg?

A

greater saphenous- upper
lesser saphenous- posterior

243
Q

What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

enlarged section of aorta

244
Q

What is an arteriovenous fistula?

A

AV Fistula
fistula between artery and vein (dialysis site)

245
Q

What is an embolectomy?

A

removal of clot in vascular system

246
Q

What is a thrombectomy?

A

removal of a clot

247
Q

What catheter can be used in a thrombectomy or embolectomy?

A

fogarty catheter

248
Q

What is a fogarty catheter? What is used to fill the balloon

A

ballon tipped catheter placed past the clot so can pull out
use saline or heparin to fill ballon
No air bubbles

249
Q

What are vena cava filters?

A

Filter placed in inferior vena cava to prevent clot from migrating to the heart

250
Q

What is a carotid endarterectomy?

A

removal of plaque from arteries

251
Q

If there is plaque in the arteries what could the patient be experiencing?

A

transient ischemic attacks (TIA)

252
Q

what tools are used in a carotid endarterectomy?
blade?
clamps
other tools

A

11 or 12
kellys (clamp vessels)
mosquitoes
vessel loops as a shunt
elevator freer

253
Q

What is a vascular bypass?

A

bypass of occluded arteries to restore blood flow

254
Q

What graft is used for a vascular graft?

A

greater saphenous (homograft)
synthetic tube

255
Q

What are some possible complications of vascular bypass?

A

stenosis of graft
false aneurysm

256
Q

What is vein ligation and stripping?

A

tx for varicose veins
incision to remove twisted veins

257
Q
A

Surgical Tech 200 (11 decks)

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