Diagnostic Interventions (test 1) Flashcards
What is subjective data?
What patient tells you; their history obtained during patient interview
What is objective data?
What provider observes; physical done by head to toe assessment
What are signs?
Objective
Externally observable
(rash or fever)
What are symptoms?
Subjective
How patient feels
(pain, nausea, fatigue)
What are the 5 ways to discover patients signs and symptoms?
Direct visualization
Enhanced visualization (scope)
Indirect visualization (mirror)
Palpation
Auscultation
What are 5 ways laboratory studies are done?
Hematology
Urinalysis
Tissue specimens
Surgical specimens
Endoscopy
What are some hematology tests?
-Complete blood count (<10,000 white cells= elevated-potential issues)
-blood chemistry findings (kidney/liver)
- coagulation tests (pt/ptt 1 min max to clot)
- blood type
- pregnancy test
What do laboratory studies tell us about urinalysis?
Kidney and urinary tract status
Bodies overall health
PH
Specific gravity- dehydration
Color, clarity, and odor
What does laboratory studies tell us about tissue specimens?
Bacteriological tests
Culture and sensitivity
Gram stain
How do we obtain surgical specimens?
Needle biopsy
Washings and brush
Incisional and excisional biopsy
Fluid analysis (centesis-puncture)
Spinal tap
What does the pulmonary assessment tell us?
Pulse oximetey- o2 (greater then 92)
Capnography- Co2
Spirometer- air depth
Blood gases
What does the pulmonary assessment tell us?
Pulse oximetey- o2 (greater then 92)
Capnography- Co2
Spirometer- air depth
Blood gases
What is Plethysmography?
Blood flow assessment:
Measures variation of volume In extremities
Treatment of diabetes
What is Phleborrheography?
A blood flow assessment:
Rhythmic changes in venous volume in legs are associated with respirations
Dx of DVT deep vein thrombosis (clot)
What is an electrocardiograpghy?
ECG/EKG- records electrical activity of heart
What is an electroencephalography?
EEG- measures electrical activity of brain
Can Dx seizure disorder, tumor, etc
What are 3 types of diagnostic studies?
Magnetic
Ultrasound
Radiology
What kind of diagnostic study is MRI?
What is MRI?
Magnetic
Magnetic resonance imaging
2 forms of energy to create an image
Spinning hydrogen atom in field
It’s loud
good for viewing soft tissue (brain, herniated disc, spinal cord and nerves)
*NO METAL
What is ultra sonography?
High frequency sound waves- movement of red blood cells
Performed by sonography
Useful for Dx:
abdominopelvic cavity
Carotid artery stenosis
Fetus
Heart
not the lungs
What is a Doppler ultrasonography?
Measures velocity of blood flow
What is the TEE probe?
Transesophageal echocardiography
More invasive
Goes down esophagus- can see heart and surrounding structures
Performed by doctor
What is ionizing radiation?
X-rays
Process by which energy directly or indirectly induces ionization of radiation-absorbing material or tissue
Can cause changes in cell membranes, enzyme functions, protein structures, and genetic materials
What are some facts about radiation?
Can damage tissue and produce long-term effects
Dose dependent and cumulative
Large dose and frequent exposure increases risk of toxic effects
Disease- bone, thyroid, gonadal cancer, cataracts, spontaneous abortion
What does ALARA stand for?
As Low As Reasonably Possible
Limit time
Increase distance
Use shielding (aprons, shields, glasses, gloves, dosimeter
What are radiation exposure limits?
General public 100mrem/yr
Patients- whatever necessary
Workers- whole body 5000mrem /yr
Fetus 500mrem/yr
What are the 9 types of ionizing radiation?
X-ray
Fluoroscopy
Mammography
CAT scan
Myelography
Angiography
Cardiac cath
Cholangiography
Urograpghy
What are x-rays?
Visualize skeletal structures
Visualize internal structures
Verify location
Locate items (oops)
What is mammograpghy?
X-rays of the breast to find tumors
Non-invasive
Pre operative needle can be inserted to biopsy a tumor
What is radiopaque contrast media?
X-rayable dyes
Injected into arteries, veins, ducts, or subarachnoid space
What are the common anatomical access sites in the OR?
Supraclavicular
Infraclavicular
Subclavian
Femoral (most often)
Seldinger’s technique
Percutaneous
Needle in
Guide wire in
Needle out
Enlarge incision
Place sheath over guide wire
Advance sheath- dilator becomes visible
What is the cut- down technique?
Access through the femoral artery
What is CAT or CT scan?
Computed axial tomography
Radiopaque contrast used
Fast
Detect fresh bleeding
What is myelography?
Uses Radiopaque contrast
Spinal cord images
Spinal cord pathologies
What is fluoroscopy?
Uses Radiopaque contrast
Used on moving images
C-arm in room
What is angiography?
Uses Radiopaque contrast to visualize structures
Assesses cause & severity of peripheral vascular disease
Femoral artery used access site
What is cardiac catheterization?
Uses Radiopaque contrast
Inserted into heart
Evaluation of heart function
See coronary arteries and cardiac chambers
What is a cholangiography?
Uses Radiopaque contrast
Use with cholecystectomy
See common bile duct
What is a urography?
Uses contrast media to outline renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder
Cystoscopy procedures
Dx of stones (calculi)
What are the roles of the surgical tech?
Prepare supplies
Control catheters and guide wires
Prepare medications
keep track of amount
What are some complications of radiation?
Hematoma
Reactions to contrast
Changes in pulse/extremities
Neurological changes (numbness)
N&V
What is nuclear medicine?
Radioisotope imaging
Gamma radiation- see organ, system, cavity, tissue
Radionuclides emit gamma radiation
Dx & Tx
Administered by IV, PO, and direct deposition
What is a PET scan?
Positron emission tomography
Radioisotope imaging
Highlights chemical & metabolic activity (brain scans)
Combines CT and radioisotope scanning
What is scintigraphy?
Radioisotope imaging
Aka isotope scanning
Iv injection, ingestion, or inhalation
Collection of isotopes indicates pathological condition
What is interventional radiology?
Branch involves minimally invasive procedures
X-rays
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
Ultrasound
Computerized tomography (CT)
