Diagnostic Interventions (test 1) Flashcards by Venessa Taylor

What is subjective data?

What patient tells you; their history obtained during patient interview

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What is objective data?

What provider observes; physical done by head to toe assessment

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What are signs?

Objective
Externally observable
(rash or fever)

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What are symptoms?

Subjective
How patient feels
(pain, nausea, fatigue)

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What are the 5 ways to discover patients signs and symptoms?

Direct visualization
Enhanced visualization (scope)
Indirect visualization (mirror)
Palpation
Auscultation

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What are 5 ways laboratory studies are done?

Hematology
Urinalysis
Tissue specimens
Surgical specimens
Endoscopy

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What are some hematology tests?

-Complete blood count (<10,000 white cells= elevated-potential issues)
-blood chemistry findings (kidney/liver)
- coagulation tests (pt/ptt 1 min max to clot)
- blood type
- pregnancy test

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What do laboratory studies tell us about urinalysis?

Kidney and urinary tract status
Bodies overall health
PH
Specific gravity- dehydration
Color, clarity, and odor

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What does laboratory studies tell us about tissue specimens?

Bacteriological tests
Culture and sensitivity
Gram stain

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How do we obtain surgical specimens?

Needle biopsy
Washings and brush
Incisional and excisional biopsy
Fluid analysis (centesis-puncture)
Spinal tap

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What does the pulmonary assessment tell us?

Pulse oximetey- o2 (greater then 92)
Capnography- Co2
Spirometer- air depth
Blood gases

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What does the pulmonary assessment tell us?

Pulse oximetey- o2 (greater then 92)
Capnography- Co2
Spirometer- air depth
Blood gases

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What is Plethysmography?

Blood flow assessment:
Measures variation of volume In extremities
Treatment of diabetes

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What is Phleborrheography?

A blood flow assessment:
Rhythmic changes in venous volume in legs are associated with respirations
Dx of DVT deep vein thrombosis (clot)

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What is an electrocardiograpghy?

ECG/EKG- records electrical activity of heart

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What is an electroencephalography?

EEG- measures electrical activity of brain
Can Dx seizure disorder, tumor, etc

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What are 3 types of diagnostic studies?

Magnetic
Ultrasound
Radiology

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What kind of diagnostic study is MRI?
What is MRI?

Magnetic
Magnetic resonance imaging
2 forms of energy to create an image
Spinning hydrogen atom in field
It’s loud
good for viewing soft tissue (brain, herniated disc, spinal cord and nerves)
*NO METAL

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What is ultra sonography?

High frequency sound waves- movement of red blood cells
Performed by sonography
Useful for Dx:
abdominopelvic cavity
Carotid artery stenosis
Fetus
Heart
not the lungs

What is a Doppler ultrasonography?

Measures velocity of blood flow

What is the TEE probe?

Transesophageal echocardiography
More invasive
Goes down esophagus- can see heart and surrounding structures
Performed by doctor

What is ionizing radiation?

X-rays

Process by which energy directly or indirectly induces ionization of radiation-absorbing material or tissue

Can cause changes in cell membranes, enzyme functions, protein structures, and genetic materials

What are some facts about radiation?

Can damage tissue and produce long-term effects
Dose dependent and cumulative
Large dose and frequent exposure increases risk of toxic effects

Disease- bone, thyroid, gonadal cancer, cataracts, spontaneous abortion

What does ALARA stand for?

As Low As Reasonably Possible

Limit time
Increase distance
Use shielding (aprons, shields, glasses, gloves, dosimeter

What are radiation exposure limits?

General public 100mrem/yr Patients- whatever necessary Workers- whole body 5000mrem /yr Fetus 500mrem/yr

What are the 9 types of ionizing radiation?

X-ray Fluoroscopy Mammography CAT scan Myelography Angiography Cardiac cath Cholangiography Urograpghy

What are x-rays?

Visualize skeletal structures Visualize internal structures Verify location Locate items (oops)

What is mammograpghy?

X-rays of the breast to find tumors Non-invasive Pre operative needle can be inserted to biopsy a tumor

What is radiopaque contrast media?

X-rayable dyes Injected into arteries, veins, ducts, or subarachnoid space

What are the common anatomical access sites in the OR?

Supraclavicular Infraclavicular Subclavian Femoral (most often)

Seldinger’s technique

Percutaneous Needle in Guide wire in Needle out Enlarge incision Place sheath over guide wire Advance sheath- dilator becomes visible

What is the cut- down technique?

Access through the femoral artery

What is CAT or CT scan?

Computed axial tomography Radiopaque contrast used Fast Detect fresh bleeding

What is myelography?

Uses Radiopaque contrast Spinal cord images Spinal cord pathologies

What is fluoroscopy?

Uses Radiopaque contrast Used on moving images C-arm in room

What is angiography?

Uses Radiopaque contrast to visualize structures Assesses cause & severity of peripheral vascular disease Femoral artery used access site

What is cardiac catheterization?

Uses Radiopaque contrast Inserted into heart Evaluation of heart function See coronary arteries and cardiac chambers

What is a cholangiography?

Uses Radiopaque contrast Use with cholecystectomy See common bile duct

What is a urography?

Uses contrast media to outline renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder Cystoscopy procedures Dx of stones (calculi)

What are the roles of the surgical tech?

Prepare supplies Control catheters and guide wires Prepare medications **keep track of amount**

What are some complications of radiation?

Hematoma Reactions to contrast Changes in pulse/extremities Neurological changes (numbness) N&V

What is nuclear medicine?

Radioisotope imaging Gamma radiation- see organ, system, cavity, tissue Radionuclides emit gamma radiation Dx & Tx Administered by IV, PO, and direct deposition

What is a PET scan?

Positron emission tomography Radioisotope imaging Highlights chemical & metabolic activity (brain scans) Combines CT and radioisotope scanning

What is scintigraphy?

Radioisotope imaging Aka isotope scanning Iv injection, ingestion, or inhalation Collection of isotopes indicates pathological condition

What is interventional radiology?

Branch involves minimally invasive procedures X-rays MRI magnetic resonance imaging Ultrasound Computerized tomography (CT)