Neurosurgery Test on 11/1 Flashcards
1
Q
Dur/o
A
dura mater
2
Q
cerebr/o
A
cerebrum
3
Q
crani/o
A
skull
4
Q
meningi/o
A
membrane/ meninges
5
Q
neur/o
A
nerve
6
Q
myel/o
A
spinal cord
7
Q
cerebell/o
A
cerebellum
8
Q
encephal/o
A
brain
9
Q
gli/0
A
glue
10
Q
hydr/o
A
water
11
Q
comat/o
A
deep sleep
12
Q
radicul/o
A
nerve root
13
Q
what is the nervous system
A
tissue network comprised of cells that convey sensory and motor impulses throughout the body
14
Q
what are the main components of the central nervous system (CNS)
A
brain
spinal cord
15
Q
What does the CNS do
A
receives and processes sensory info
reacts to stimuli by emitting motor impulses
regulates breathing, heartrate, etc
16
Q
What does the peripheral nervous system do
A
carries information to and from the CNS
17
Q
what are afferent nerves
A
sensory neres
carry TO the CNS
touch, pain, vision, hearing
18
Q
what are efferent nerves
A
motor nerves
carry away (Exit) from the CNS
instructs muscles to move and glands
19
Q
what are the 2 nervous systems
A
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
20
Q
what are two subcategories of the peripheral nervous system
A
somatic
autonomic
21
Q
what is the somatic nervous system
A
voluntary process
skeletal muscle
contains both afferent and efferent fibers
22
Q
what is the autonomic nervous system
A
involuntary process
smooth muscle- heartrate, breathing, digestion
contains both afferent and efferent fibers
23
Q
what are the two subcategories of the autonomic system
A
sympathetic
parasympathetic
24
Q
what is the sympathetic system
A
“fight or flight”
arousal- moves energy reserves
25
what is the parasympathetic system
"rest and digest"
relaxation- conserve energy
26
place the following in the correct order:
afferent/efferent
sympathetic/ parasympathetic
somatic/ autonomic
CNS/PNS
CNS (by itself)
PNS- autonomic/ somatic
somatic--afferent/efferent
autonomic-- sympathetic/ parasympathetic--afferent/efferent
27
what are neurons
functional cell of nervous system
(motor and sensory)
28
what are parts of the neuron
soma
dendrites
axons
myelin sheath
synapses
29
what is the soma
cell body
30
what are the dendrites of a neuron
fibers that receive impulses from other neurons
31
what are axons of neurons
fibers that carry impulses away from the soma (cell body)
32
what is the myelin sheath
fat layer that covers the axon
insulation and protection
33
what is the synapses
communication point between two neurons
34
how does the communication from one cell to the next work
sender neuron releases neurotransmitters that travel across the synapses and are received by the dendrites
35
what are glial cells
-non-neuron tissue
-outnumber neurons
-structural support
-transport nutrients
-repair or digest damaged neurons
-activates immune system
36
what types of glial cells are there
astrocytes (star-like shape)
ependymal cells (create and maintain CSF)
schwann cells (create myelin sheath in PNS)
37
what are the meninges
layers of membranes covering brain and spinal cord
-provide protection
-distribute blood supply
-contains CSF
38
what are the four layers of the meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
pia mater mater
39
what is the dura mater layer
outer layer provides protection
40
what is the falx cerebri
fold of dura that divides right and left hemispheres
41
what is the arachnoid mater layer
middle layer
(resembles a web)
for cushion and shock absorption
42
what is the subarachnoid space
between arachnoid and pia mater
contains CFS
43
what is the pia mater layer?
inner layer
directly lines the brain and spinal cord
very vascular
44
what are some of the physiological processes of the brain?
personality and intelligence
movement and senses
vital functions
45
what is the grey matter of the brain
cortex neuron cell bodies
receive and process info; release new informationwhat
46
is the white matter of the brain
axons
conduct info throughout the CNS
47
what are the three parts of the brain
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
48
what are the two parts of the forebrain
cerebrum
diencephalon
49
what is the cerebrum part of the brain? what two systems does it contain?
consciousness, decision making motor control, emotion
-largest part
contains basal ganglia
contains limbic system
50
what does the basal ganglia control
motor control and learningw
51
what does the limbic system control
emotion and behavior responses
52
What does the diencephalon part of the brain control; location
sleep, wake, and autonomic functions
beneath the cerebrum
(Thalmus and hypothalamus)
53
what is a gyrus
peak
54
what is a sulcus
valley
55
what are the four lobes of the forebrain
frontal- motor
temporal- sensory
parietal- auditory and olfactory
occipital- visual
56
what is the midbrain
beginning of brain stem
serves as a funnel between forebrain and hindbrain
AKA mesencephalon
57
what is the hindbrain
majority of brain stem
controls autonomic functions
58
what structures are in the hindbrain
pons
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
59
what are ventricles of the brain
spaces within brain that produce and circulate CSF
60
what are the four ventricles; describe the location
left and right lateral
third (middle)
fourth (inferior)
61
what structures connect the ventricles together
foramen of Monro
sylvian aqueduct
foramens of Luschka and Magendie
62
what is the order of the ventricles and structures that connect them
right and left lateral
foramen od Monro
third ventricle
sylvian aqueduct
fourth ventricle
foramen Luschka (anterior) OR
foramen Magendie (posterior)
63
What is CSF
cerebral spinal fluid
regulates ICP (intracranial pressure)
immune activity
shock absorption
64
what are choroid plexuses
capillary bed within ventricles that produce CSF
65
how much blood does the brain want from the heart
about 15%
66
what are the four major arteries that supply the brain? how are the connected?
2 internal carotids
2 vertebral arteries
Circle of Willis
67
what are the twelve cranial nerves
(Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel a Girls Vagina Ah Heaven)
(On On On They Traveled And Found Voldemort Guarding Very Ancient Horcruxes)
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
68
What is the cauda equina
bundle of nerve fibers at end of spinal cord (horse tail)
innervate legs and bladder
69
how many pairs of spinal cords are there
31
70
What are the 5 spinal cord nerve types and how many pairs are in each
cervical- 8
thoracic- 12
lumbar- 5
sacral- 5
coccygeal- 1
71
what is a plexus
bundle of nerves supplying the same body part
72
what are the 3 spinal plexuses
cervical
brachial
lumbosacral
73
what nerve is in the cervical plexus
phrenic nerve- diaphragm
74
what nerve(s) are in the brachial plexus
axillary nerve
median nerve
ulnar nerve
radial nerve
75
what nerve(s) are in the lumbosacral plexus
sciatic nerve
76
what are the two roots on a spinal nerve
dorsal- afferent/ sensory (bring in)
ventral- efferent/ motor (take out)
77
what are dermatomes
areas of skin innervated by specific spinal nerves
78
What are the layers of the scalp
S-skin
C-connective tissue (dense)
A-cranial aponeurosis
L-loose connective tissue
P-pericranium
79
what are the "big" bones of the skull
occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid
80
what are the sutures of the brain
lamboidal (back)
sagital (right and left)
coronal (front and back)
squamous (temporal line)
81
where is the sella turcica located
(hypophyseal fossa)
depression in sphenoid bone and contains pituitary gland
82
where is the foramen magnum located
opening in base of skull for spinal cord
83
what are the 5 vertebral column sections and how many are in each section
cervical- 7
thoracic- 12
lumbar- 5
sacrum- 5 (fused as adult)
coccyx-4 (fused as adult)
84
what are the parts of a vertebra?
vertebral arch (posterior)
lamina
spinous process
pedicle
vertebral body
85
what are the two parts of the vertebral body
nucleus pulposus- center/ gelatinous
annulus fibrosis- surrounds nucleus
-cartilaginous
86
