Neurosurgery Test on 11/1 Flashcards
Dur/o
dura mater
cerebr/o
cerebrum
crani/o
skull
meningi/o
membrane/ meninges
neur/o
nerve
myel/o
spinal cord
cerebell/o
cerebellum
encephal/o
brain
gli/0
glue
hydr/o
water
comat/o
deep sleep
radicul/o
nerve root
what is the nervous system
tissue network comprised of cells that convey sensory and motor impulses throughout the body
what are the main components of the central nervous system (CNS)
brain
spinal cord
What does the CNS do
receives and processes sensory info
reacts to stimuli by emitting motor impulses
regulates breathing, heartrate, etc
What does the peripheral nervous system do
carries information to and from the CNS
what are afferent nerves
sensory neres
carry TO the CNS
touch, pain, vision, hearing
what are efferent nerves
motor nerves
carry away (Exit) from the CNS
instructs muscles to move and glands
what are the 2 nervous systems
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
what are two subcategories of the peripheral nervous system
somatic
autonomic
what is the somatic nervous system
voluntary process
skeletal muscle
contains both afferent and efferent fibers
what is the autonomic nervous system
involuntary process
smooth muscle- heartrate, breathing, digestion
contains both afferent and efferent fibers
what are the two subcategories of the autonomic system
sympathetic
parasympathetic
what is the sympathetic system
“fight or flight”
arousal- moves energy reserves
what is the parasympathetic system
“rest and digest”
relaxation- conserve energy
place the following in the correct order:
afferent/efferent
sympathetic/ parasympathetic
somatic/ autonomic
CNS/PNS
CNS (by itself)
PNS- autonomic/ somatic
somatic–afferent/efferent
autonomic– sympathetic/ parasympathetic–afferent/efferent
what are neurons
functional cell of nervous system
(motor and sensory)
what are parts of the neuron
soma
dendrites
axons
myelin sheath
synapses
what is the soma
cell body
what are the dendrites of a neuron
fibers that receive impulses from other neurons
what are axons of neurons
fibers that carry impulses away from the soma (cell body)
what is the myelin sheath
fat layer that covers the axon
insulation and protection
what is the synapses
communication point between two neurons
how does the communication from one cell to the next work
sender neuron releases neurotransmitters that travel across the synapses and are received by the dendrites
what are glial cells
-non-neuron tissue
-outnumber neurons
-structural support
-transport nutrients
-repair or digest damaged neurons
-activates immune system
what types of glial cells are there
astrocytes (star-like shape)
ependymal cells (create and maintain CSF)
schwann cells (create myelin sheath in PNS)
what are the meninges
layers of membranes covering brain and spinal cord
-provide protection
-distribute blood supply
-contains CSF
what are the four layers of the meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
pia mater mater
what is the dura mater layer
outer layer provides protection
what is the falx cerebri
fold of dura that divides right and left hemispheres
what is the arachnoid mater layer
middle layer
(resembles a web)
for cushion and shock absorption
what is the subarachnoid space
between arachnoid and pia mater
contains CFS
what is the pia mater layer?
inner layer
directly lines the brain and spinal cord
very vascular
what are some of the physiological processes of the brain?
personality and intelligence
movement and senses
vital functions
what is the grey matter of the brain
cortex neuron cell bodies
receive and process info; release new informationwhat
is the white matter of the brain
axons
conduct info throughout the CNS
what are the three parts of the brain
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
what are the two parts of the forebrain
cerebrum
diencephalon
what is the cerebrum part of the brain? what two systems does it contain?
consciousness, decision making motor control, emotion
-largest part
contains basal ganglia
contains limbic system
what does the basal ganglia control
motor control and learningw
what does the limbic system control
emotion and behavior responses
What does the diencephalon part of the brain control; location
sleep, wake, and autonomic functions
beneath the cerebrum
(Thalmus and hypothalamus)
what is a gyrus
peak
what is a sulcus
valley
what are the four lobes of the forebrain
frontal- motor
temporal- sensory
parietal- auditory and olfactory
occipital- visual
what is the midbrain
beginning of brain stem
serves as a funnel between forebrain and hindbrain
AKA mesencephalon
what is the hindbrain
majority of brain stem
controls autonomic functions
what structures are in the hindbrain
pons
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
what are ventricles of the brain
spaces within brain that produce and circulate CSF
what are the four ventricles; describe the location
left and right lateral
third (middle)
fourth (inferior)
what structures connect the ventricles together
foramen of Monro
sylvian aqueduct
foramens of Luschka and Magendie
what is the order of the ventricles and structures that connect them
right and left lateral
foramen od Monro
third ventricle
sylvian aqueduct
fourth ventricle
foramen Luschka (anterior) OR
foramen Magendie (posterior)
What is CSF
cerebral spinal fluid
regulates ICP (intracranial pressure)
immune activity
shock absorption
what are choroid plexuses
capillary bed within ventricles that produce CSF
how much blood does the brain want from the heart
about 15%
what are the four major arteries that supply the brain? how are the connected?
2 internal carotids
2 vertebral arteries
Circle of Willis
what are the twelve cranial nerves
(Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel a Girls Vagina Ah Heaven)
(On On On They Traveled And Found Voldemort Guarding Very Ancient Horcruxes)
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
What is the cauda equina
bundle of nerve fibers at end of spinal cord (horse tail)
innervate legs and bladder
how many pairs of spinal cords are there
31
What are the 5 spinal cord nerve types and how many pairs are in each
cervical- 8
thoracic- 12
lumbar- 5
sacral- 5
coccygeal- 1
what is a plexus
bundle of nerves supplying the same body part
what are the 3 spinal plexuses
cervical
brachial
lumbosacral
what nerve is in the cervical plexus
phrenic nerve- diaphragm
what nerve(s) are in the brachial plexus
axillary nerve
median nerve
ulnar nerve
radial nerve
what nerve(s) are in the lumbosacral plexus
sciatic nerve
what are the two roots on a spinal nerve
dorsal- afferent/ sensory (bring in)
ventral- efferent/ motor (take out)
what are dermatomes
areas of skin innervated by specific spinal nerves
What are the layers of the scalp
S-skin
C-connective tissue (dense)
A-cranial aponeurosis
L-loose connective tissue
P-pericranium
what are the “big” bones of the skull
occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid
what are the sutures of the brain
lamboidal (back)
sagital (right and left)
coronal (front and back)
squamous (temporal line)
where is the sella turcica located
(hypophyseal fossa)
depression in sphenoid bone and contains pituitary gland
where is the foramen magnum located
opening in base of skull for spinal cord
what are the 5 vertebral column sections and how many are in each section
cervical- 7
thoracic- 12
lumbar- 5
sacrum- 5 (fused as adult)
coccyx-4 (fused as adult)
what are the parts of a vertebra?
vertebral arch (posterior)
lamina
spinous process
pedicle
vertebral body
what are the two parts of the vertebral body
nucleus pulposus- center/ gelatinous
annulus fibrosis- surrounds nucleus
-cartilaginous
