Operation learn this stuff Flashcards
Positive reinforcer
Event following bhvr that causes bhvr to increase in frequency
Operant bhvrs/ responses
Bhvrs that operate on the enviro to generate consequences, and are in turn influenced by those consequences
negative reinforcement
Removal of stimuli immediately following bhvr
Selecting bhvr
Specific:
Ensure reliability
Increase consistency
Selecting reinforcer
Whichever is most effective and appropriate
Should be: Readily available Present immediately Repeat use without satiation Not time consuming
Five types of reinforcers
Consumable Activity Manipulative Possessional Social
premack principle
If the opportunity to engage in a bhvr that has a high probability of occurringis made contingent on a bhvr that has a low probability of occurring, then that bhvr that has a low probability of occurring will increase.
Reinforcer can only be defined as such if…
.. effect on bhvr is demonstrated
Deprivation
Time during which ind does not experience reinforcer
Satiation
Condition in which ind has experienced reinforce to point that it is no longer effective
Motivating operations/ variables
Temporarily alter effectiveness of a reinforce
Alter frequency of bhvr reinforced by that reinforcer
Reinforcer size
Optimum size depends on additional factors, determined by effectiveness at given size, must be small enough to avoid satiation.
Immediacy
Most effective immediately following desired bhvr (preferably within 30sec)
Indirect acting effect
Non immediate reinforcement strengthens some responses. must provide adequate instructions for self talk/ other reinforce to have effect.
Contingent
Specific bhvr
Noncontingent
Specific time regardless of bhvr, not generally effective
Programmed
Arranged arbitrarily
Natural
Occur in natural enviro, need some sort of natural reinforce to maintain bhvr, otherwise will return to baseline
Pitfalls
Inaccurate explanation
Failure to apply
Partial knowledge misapplication
Unaware
Applying process
Tell ind plan
Reinforce immediately following bhvr
Describe bhvr when reinforce given
Use lots of praise
Weaning
Eliminate tangible, replace with social reinforcers
Look for other natural reinforcers
Periodically assess
Operant extinction
If an individual in a given situ emits a previously reinforced bhvr and that bhvr is not reinforced, that person is less likely to repeat bhvr.
Factors influencing effectiveness of Op Ext
Control of reinforcers: consistency
Combining extinction with Positive reinforce for alternate desired bhvr
Setting: minimize other influences, maximize persistence with program
Instructions given
Schedule carried out
Bhvr worsens before improving
Extinction produces aggression
Spontaneous recovery of previously extinct bhvr
Extinction burst
Increase in responding during extinction
Continuous
Each instance of response is reinforced: When reinforcement d/cd bhvr will be quicker to extinguis
Intermittent
Response occasionally reinforced: Bhvr will slowly extinguish
Elicited aggression
Aggression in response to operant extinction. Less prevalent when extinction part of treatment package, not sole intervention.
Spontaneous recovery
Bhvr returns after a delay. Typically amount returning is less than baseline.
Pitfalls
Partial knowledge
Unaware misapplication
Selecting bhvr for Op ext
Specific
Circumstances such that follow through is possible, aggression is mitigated
One that reinforcers may be controleld
prelimary to Op ext
Chart bhvr
Identify current reinforce
Identify alt bhvr and reinforce
Identify appropriate settings for int
Weaning from op ext
Prepare for relapses
Failure may be due to:
1) attention withheld not what was maintaining bhvr
2) inconsistent reinforcement from other source
3) alternative bhvr not sufficiently strengthened
Punisher/ aversive stimuli
Immediate consequence that causes bhvr to decrease in freq
Principle of punishment
If in a given situation someone does something that is followed by punisher, person is less likely to repeat
Punishment as modifier
Occurs immediately
Is not retributive
Not used to deter others
Physical punishers
Act on nociorecpetors, are unconditioned stimuli, aversive scents/ tastes also include (often ice, or sour)
Reprimand
Strong, negative verbal stim
Timeout
Ind loses opportunity to earn reinforcers
Exclusionary: remove from situ
Non-exclusionary: leave in situ, but remove stim assoc with less reinforcement (ex: stay in class, not allowed to speak)
Response cost
Removal of specified amount of reinforce following bhvr
Factors influencing effectiveness of punisher
Conditions for desirable alt response
Cause of undesirable bhvr: current stim and reinforce
effective punishing stim
Antecedents for punishment
Delivery of punisher: immediate, consistent, not paired with positive, remain calm
Harmful side effect of punishment
Aggressive bhvr: PHYSICAL PUNISHMNET ASSOC W HIGH OF AGGRESSION
Emotional side effects: crying, fearfulness, may interfere with desired bhvrs
escape and avoidance
No new bhvr, must be paired with other ints
Modeling: children repeat to others
Overuse: should be paired with positive
Alternatives to punishment
functional communication training
Positive behaviour support
Punishment only used when
Bhvr is very maladaptive Clear steps to alternative response, and to minimize causes Informed consent Ethical Clearly applied Safeguards in place
pitfalls
Unaware application
Partial knowledge
Guidelines for punisher
Specific response maximize alt response Minimize causes Select effective punisher Present clear stim Consistent Careful data collection
