Ch 11... Us and them Flashcards
Stereotype
Simplified but widely shared belief about group members
Prejudice
Negative affective prejudgment about group members
Discrimination
Negative treatment of group members
Cognitive theory of stereotypes
Necessarily simplistic understanding of group members used to preserve limited cognitive resources
Illusory correlation bias
Exaggerated perception of correlation between 2 variables. Intergroup relations is the perception that bhvr is more frequently displayed by a minority. Mech for stereotype and prejudice
Mechanism of ICB
Imperfection in memory and learning, disproportionate ratios encoded. Worse when Ps have lower working memory capacity or high cognitive load imposed.
Tendency for distinct bhvrs to capture attention and receive most elaborate processing
Category accentuation
Categorization distorts perception of members
Dogmatism
Tendency for people to be able to tolerate mutually inconsistent beliefs by isolating them from each other in memory, resistant to change
Epistemic need
Ppl seek haste, simplicity and clarity in info processing. Stereotypes meet these needs by providing simple explanations. People with high epistemic needs most prone to prejudice.
Personal need for structure
Person’s preference for clarity and structure in situations, and level of annoyance experienced by ambiguity. High PNS leads prone to stereotyping
Need for cognitive closure
Desire to see any answer on a topic, expressed in 5 facets:
- Desire for predictability
- Preference for order
- Discomfort with ambiguity
- Decisiveness
- Closed-mindedness
State of false consciousness
Marx & Engels: Protestant work ethic and religious providence keep people in a state of unawareness about disadvantaged position in class system
Marx key social concepts
- Groups have unequal status
- Individuals in groups share common interests
- Groups have conflicting interests
- Members of groups not aware of interests and fail to act on them
- Awareness hampered by ideologies that obscure status inequalities, justify them, or make them seem unchangable
Authoriantrianism
Form of social organization characterized by submission to authority
Conventionalism
Desire for adherence to traditional values
Authoritarian aggression
Desire to punish those who defy social conventions
Authoritarian submission
Tendency to yield to authority
Social dominance orientation
Variable that measures people’s preference for hierarchy. Measures dimensions of:
- Preference for hierarchical relations
- Desire for own group to dominate others
When do people become more authoritarian
When social order threatened
Ethnocentrism
View that own group is superior
Realistic group conflict theory
Theory of intergroup conflict that explains intergroup bhvr with respect to secure resources
Minimal group paradigm
Method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups, categorization encourages discrimination.
Random assignment, no history, common goal, interpersonal ties necessary, people will still assign more valu to ingroup.
Sherif: Robber’s Cave
Divide into groups –> attachment
Competition btw groups –> ethnocentrism
Superordinate goals –> reduced ethnocentrism and hostility
Run 3 times, only once through all 3 phases
Contact hypothesis
Bringing groups together reduces ethnocentris and conflicct
Sexism
Belief about gender differences
Hostile: women pose a threat to men’s position –> abuse, violence
Benevolent: women necessary for men’s happiness, more virtuous -> protect, cherish
Ambivalent: Both positive and negative attributes included
Social creativity
Preserving a positive self image by identifying and giving weight to dimensions on which they are superior to high status group
Objectification
View of someone as represented by their body
Ethnic cleansing and genocide
Attempts to forcibly move entire people from area, or eliminate them entirely
Moral credentialling
Demonstrating one’s credentials often means ppl will express more prejudice
Modern racism
Modern, subtle variant of racism, expressed in ways that appear socially acceptable
Aversive racism
Inner conflict between an egalitarian view and racist impulses is aversive, so ppl avoid contact
Ageism
Prejudiced attitudes about age group
How stereotypes persist
Affecting social information processing, confirms pre-existing biases
Spontaneous trait inference
Infer other’s traits from bhvr
Intergroup emotions theory
Intergroup emotions depend on relative power and status of group
Intergroup anxiety
Model arguing ppl expect negative outcomes when interacting with outgroups
Anxiety expectations of outgroup interactions:
- negative psychological, ex. embarrassment
- Negative behavioural, ex. exploittion
- Negative evaluations by ingroup
- Negative evaluations by outgroup
Stereotype threat
Fear of being judged in terms of a stereotype and negatively fulfilling this stereotype leads to poor task performance
Stereotype lift
Fulfilling a positive stereotype leads to enhanced performance
