First Intervention Flashcards
What is behaviour, generally and technically, 3 synonyms?
Any muscular, glandular, or electrical activity of an organism OR
Any action said or done
Synonyms: activity, action, response, reaction
Distinguish btw bhvr and products of bhvr with example
Products of bhvr are distal consequences pf the action (bhvr). Example would be winning a competition (product) after months of practicing (bhvr).
Distinguish btw overt and covert bhvrs, 2 examples of each?
Overt: Jumping, singing
Covert: Thinking about what I forgot at home, imaging how good my tea will be
What are cognitive bhvrs, 2 examples?
Covert bhvrs, thinking and feeling. Thinking about cheeseburgers, feeling happy while eating cheeseburger.
Describe dimensions of behaviour with examples?
Duration: How long I laid on the couch
Frequency: how often I laid on the couch in 24 hours
Intensity: How much effort I used to lay on the couch
Wolpes contribution to early behavioural therapy?
1950, Psychiatrist, built on work of Cover-Jones (fear de-conditioning in infants) developed phobia tx. In US used approach to tx anxiety disorders.
Describe Skinner’s contribution to early bhvr mod?
Empirically demonstrated effect of operant conditioning on learning. Term bhvr mod first used in papers describing tx based on Skinner’s work.
Four dimensions of ABA?
1) Focus on measurable bhvr that is socially significant
2) Strong emphasis on operant conditioning to dvlp tx strategies
3) Attempt to clearly demonstrate that ABA was responsible for improvement in measurable bhvr
4) Demonstration of long lasting and recognizable changes in bhvr
What did Aaron beck refer to with term cognitive therapy?
Therapy aimed at recognizing maladaptive thought patterns and addressing them in order to change target behaviours, originally used to treat px with depression.
How is AB analyst used in text?
Used to denote someone with formal training in ABA.
How is term bhvr therapist used in text?
Someone who has formal training in application of ABA or CBT for treating psych disorders
Bhvr modification for ASD, schizophrenia, depression, PDD, anxiety etc aimed at addressing?
Bhvrl deficits or excesses through environmental changes aimed to change target bhvrs.
Myths about Bhvr Mod?
Rewards are bribes Use of drugs/ ECT Only changes symptoms Not useful for complex problems Doesn't involve empathy Only deal with observable bhvrs Deny genetics/ heredity in determining bhvrs Obsolete
Subtopics of ethics?
Appropriate qualifications
Defining problem and selecting goals
Selecting treatment
Record keeping and evaluation
Guidelines to ensure most appropriate target bhvrs to mod?
Px is active in ID or impartial third party involved.
Key to ethical and effective tx?
Monitoring for possible side effects and ongoing evaluation.
Distinguish btw specific bhvr and summary label?
Summary label refers to psychological problem. Specific bhvrs are identifiable actions.
What does target bhvr mean?
Bhvr that needs to change bc it is detrimental to individual or society.
Bhvrl assessment definition?
Collection and analysis of information in order to ID bhvr, ID causes, select tx, and evaluate outcome.
Four phases of bhvr mod program?
Screening
Baseline
Treatment
Followup
Five fxns of intake?
Determine if agency id a good fit Inform client of policies/ procedures Screen for crisis conditions Gather info through interview/ psychometrics Provide info about bhvr to be assessed
Two things that occur during assessment?
Assess level of target bhvr displayed
Assess enviro for controlling vars
What type of setting for each term: training program, intervention strategy, therapy program?
Education, community, clinical
Purpose of follow up?
Assess if modifications have endured across enviros and circumstances.
Pre req to design and implement bhvr mod program?
Assessment
Distinguish btw direct and indirect?
Indirect: methods monitor client, but can’t accurately measure bhvrs
Direct: accurately measures bhvrs
Two circumstances that are useful for indirect?
1) Bhvr does not occur outside selct environmental
2) Time constraints
Pros and cons of indirect and direct assessment?
Indirect:
Pro: Convenient, time effective, covert info gathering
Con: Miss relevant info, bias, may not be accurate
Direct:
Pro: Accuracy
Con: Time costly, special training, can’t measure covert
Five main indirect assessments
Interview, Questionnaire, Role playing, Client self monitor, Professional consults
Four types of questionnaires used in assessment?
Life history, Self report, Survey schedule, 3rd party bhvrl rating
Fxnl assessment definition?
Using info from baseline to analyze causes of bhvr
Reactivity definition
When ppl know they are being observed, their bhvr changes. Example: Child knows their swear words are being tallied, is aware and wants to keep tally low, so swears less.
Six reasons for collecting data?
Appropriate therapist- client fit Baseline extent/ prevalence of problem ID causes of problem and tx strategy ID if program affects change Prompts and reinforcement Reactivity
Error of Door Slam example?
Program would have been stopped too soon, when it was indeed effective.
Error of Pinching example?
Program would have been continued, when it was ineffective.
Self recording use?
Graph or similar monitoring system used to encourage self to perform desired bhvrs.
Consideration for use with child?
May need to be creative to inspire child to use, text example of “getting the bunny to where it can eat the carrots”.
Differences between behavioural assessment and psychodiagnostic assessment?
Basic
1. Checklist is a sample of response to stim VS checklist results are indicative of enduring traits
- Covert bhvrs are akin to overt bhvrs as controlling variables VS covert and overt separate categories
Goals - Id excess/ deficit VS diagnosis
- ID enviro causes VS ID intrapsychic/ trait causes
Methods
5. preference for direct obs VS Impossible to directly obs intrapsychic factors
Frequency
6. preference for continuous, pre, during, post VS Typically only pre and post
Topography of bhvr definition
Specific movements of a response. Example the actual movement of nail biting
Common measures of bhvr
Topography and amount
Frequency definition
instances in given time. Example number of times beads are counted within an hour
Three ways to track frequency?
Tally sheet, frequency chart, cumulative frequency chart
Ways a cumulative chart differs from a frequency chart?
Each session added to previous session vs independent tally
Slope of line does not decrease vs variability
Able to visualize small differences
What can be inferred from?
a. steep slope
b. low slope
c. flat line
a. Rapid increase
b. Gradual increase
c. No change in frequency
Characteristics of bhvr that frequency shows?
Independent and distinct bhvrs
Relative duration definition?
Length of time behaviour occurs within some period of time. Example is procrastination, many specific actions combined to produce bhvr
Another word for intensity, and example of why important to measure?
Magnitude or force of bhvr. Example would be biting, is child touching teeth to arm or breaking skin
Define stimulus control and give example?
Degree of correlation between stimulus and response. Does person get up when alarm goes off or not.
Name 6 levels ABLA-R assesses
Imitation Position discrim Visual discrim Visual id-M-S discrim Visual non Id, M-S discrim Auditory- Visual combined discrim
What is latency of response with example?
Time between stimulus and response. Time between alarm going off and getting out of bed.
How is quality of bhvr a refinement of other characteristics with example
Quality of bhvr is based on one or combo of of other characteristics, a good riser may turn off alarm and get up quickly the majority of days (freq), and on time. showing good stimulus control, low latency and appropriate topography
4 components minimal bhvr mod program
Screening; clarify problem
Assessment/ baseline: cause and level of problem
Treatment: apply intervention
FollowUp: Evaluate persistence of desired change
Why minimal program may not be responsible for change?
Change could be due to extraneous variable or confound variable
Minimal bhvr mod program and research differences?
Research attempts to demonstrate convincingly that it was program responsible for change, whereas program simply addresses bhvr.
Dependent var
Measure of variable, effect
Independent var
Treatment or intervention, cause
Internal val
IV caused change
External val
Generalizable to other bhvrs, inds, and settings
Reversal replication
ABAB or withdrawal design
Baseline, tx, BL, tx
Baseline length
Until stable trend, opposite of predicted direction of IV effect
Shorter baseline
Ethics such as self harm, time constraints,
Number of reversals
large effect, enough times to rule out other factors
Two limitations of ABAB
Bhvr trapping: unable to reverse
Undesirable/ unethical to reverse
Multi baseline advantage
disadvantage
Don’t lose improvements
Carryover, stim gen, sufficient obs
Baseline across bhvrs design
Establish BL for 2+ bhvrs, introduce IV sequentially as successful.
ex. Brush teeth, wash hands after br, wash face at night. Start with extra TV time after teeth are done, then after hands washed each time etc
Limitations of BL across bhvr
Bhvrs not independent, carry over effect occurs.
May not be 2+ suitable bhvrs
can only conclude tx valid with ind
Multi BL across situ
Establish BL across multi situs concurrently, introduce Tx sequentially as successful.
ex. Wash hands after BR, before meals, when come inside
Limits of multi BL
Carry over effects, bhvr only occurs in specific situ,
Multi BL across ppl
Specific bhvr in 2+ ppl. BL concurrent, sequential IV as successful. Advantage of internal and external validity.
Limits of multi BL across ppl
Discussion btw ppl, not enough inds with target bhvr,
Changing criterion
Successive changes (bhvrl approximations) in bhvr criterion for app of tx.
Six characteristics of bhvr
Topography Amount Intensity Stimulus control Latency Quality
Multielement/ alternating tx
Compare tx for same bhvr (single bhvr). May use single IV for multiple topographies.
Limitations of multielement
Interaction between tx
Common recording procedures
Continuous
Interval
Time Sampling
Continuous/ event
EVERY instance of bhvr recorded
Record: tally every time nail is bit
Interval
Obs period divided into EQUAL SHORT intervals: record behaviour one time per int either:
Partial: record if bhvr happened during int
Whole: record if bhvr occurred throughout
ex. observe q 10mins, 10min off, for 1hr
P: Record x1 if nail biting occurs
W: record x1 if nail in mouth entire 10min
Time sampling
Short interval in LONG Obs period, generally repeated
ex. Obs 10min on every hour for 24hrs
Record x1 if nail bite occurs in that 10 min
Momentary time sampling* same in notes*
Reduced interval to single point in time
ex. Obs x1 if nail bit on the hour, every hour
Combined interval time sampling
Small ints of equal length, record only some intervals
Advatage of time sampling
Does not require continuous obs
Useful for bhvrs without discrete onset
Indication of duration/ severity
more precise reliability measures
Advantage of interval
Useful for bhvrs without discrete onset
Indication of duration/ severity
more precise reliability measures
Advantages of continuous
Good for when successive responses are similar in duration
IOR
Event= small/large x100
IntorTS= [agree/ (agree =disagree)] x100
> 80% ideally
IOR should be obtained for minimum 20%, preferably 33% of sessions
Social validity
Acceptability of goals, tx, and result to client, therapist and society
Single subj design
Primary data analysis is visual inspection of graphs
Track behavior of a single subject over time across all conditions in an experiment
Assess reliability of findings through intra-subject replications
Assess generality of findings through inter-subject replications
Judge significane
Changes in trend across conditions
Sooner the effect is observed following the introduction of treatment
Fewer the overlapping points between baseline & treatment
Larger the effect in comparison to baseline
