Ch 8... In or out Flashcards
Entitativity
Feature of a group that makes it appear as a distinct unit that is bound together.
High entitativity tends to produce homogeneous group with clear structure and purpose
Intimacy group
Groups closely tied together
Task group
Come together to achieve common goal
Common bond group
Members have close personal bonds within group
Common identity group
Members have close personal ties to group itself
Collectives/ aggregates
Share some connection, but no psychological value to this connection
Definitions of group
Two or more people who: Are together in a way with psychological value Share common fate Defined and accepted social structure Interaction
Define themselves as a group, and that group is recognized by another
Ingroup
Group we are in
Outgroup
Group we are not a part of
Tuckerman stage model of group formation
Forming: Little gets done, focus on acceptance and routine
Storming: Address conflict and roles
Norming: Roles and responsibilities established, supportive
Performing: Interdependence and flexibility. Group directed towards task
Adjourning: Completes task and disengages
Moreland and Levine Group socialization
Process of groups as a whole and group members coming together to meet each other’s needs
Model of Group socialization
Investigation –> socialization –> maintenance –> resocialization –> remembrance OR back to investigation
Communication theory stages of socialization
Antecedent –> anticipatory –> encounter –> assimilation –> exit
Socialization outcome
Relate to how group members feel about how they functioned to reach group’s purpose. Most prominent outcome is group cohesion
Group cohesion
Degree to which group holds together, sense of unity and commonality
Norms
Uniformities of behaviour and attitude that determine, organize and differentiate groups
Ethnomethodology
Method used for understanding social norms by analyzing accounts of day to day activities
Breaching experiment
Used in ethnomethodology to examine reactions to violation of norms
Litter study
Confederate littering clean setting, others littered less.
In dirty setting, people litter more after seeing confederate
Frame of reference
Range of possible positions people could adopt. Used to reference own thoughts and actions.
Reasons norms endure
- Enforced, creates motivation
- Internalized as right
- Fixed during socialization
- Consensus (modeling)
- Activated by interactions
- Heuristics for behaviour
Social role
Expectations shared by group members of how particular ppl are supposed to behave
Status
Shared evaluations of the prestige of roles
Diffuse status characteristics
Attributes not directly relevant to group task but positively valued in society
Specific status characteristics
Attributes directly relevant to group task
Jost & Banjai System justification theory
Theory that peoples dependence on social systems for wealth and security motivates them to social social systems and see them as fair
Social creativity
Strategies that group members engage in to maintain the esteem of the group
Marginal members
Deviate from prototypical group member. Black sheep effect
Black sheep effect
Derogation of deviant or marginal ingroup members
Intergroup sensitivity effect
Tendency to prefer criticism to come from within a group than from an outsider
Impostors
People who threaten the group by fraudulently claiming to be members
Cross-cutting categories
Subgroups that represent categories that have members outside immediate larger groups
Group interdependence
Allow people to achieve more things, and in more innovative ways
Opinion based groups
Groups formed around shared opinions
Greenberg Terror management theory
Theory proposing that human awareness of death creates a constant source of existential crisis
Social identity
The aspect of our identity that is determined by our group membership
Social identity theory
The theory of group membership and intergroup relations arguing that
Subjective uncertainty
Uncertainty about who we are and what we are supposed to do. This is alleviated by group memberships.
Prototype
Fuzzy sets of characteristics that define a group
Self categorization
Cognitive process of categorizing oneself as a group member
Optimal distinctiveness
People like to feel unique as individuals but at same time they feel need to affiliate with others
Strategies to balance individuality/ belonging
- Identify with numerically distinct group
- Identify with subgroup
- Identify with non mainstream group
- Enhance the distinctiveness of group
- Differentiate oneself with roles
- Identify with group that prescribes individualism
- See oneself as loyal, not conformist
- See oneself as more normative than other group members
Social ostracism
Being excluded from a group by the consensus of the group
