Ch 10... Just behave

Question 1

Group behaviour

Answer 1

Displayed within and as a group

Question 2

Co-presence

Answer 2

Performing a task with others present

Question 3

Allport: Social facilitation

Answer 3

Process by which others facilitate a behaviour, often improves performance. People skilled at task, high in extraversion, high in self esteem receptive to SF improvements,

Question 4

Mere presence

Answer 4

Social facilitation may not be competitive, others present facilitates bhvrs. People make stronger judgments.

Question 5

Co-actors

Answer 5

Ppl performing the same task at the same time but not performing it collectively

Question 6

Social inhibition

Answer 6

Others hinder bhvr. Decreased performance on complex tasks.

Question 7

Zajonc Theory of social facilitation

Answer 7

Others present –> arousal –> Strengthen dominant response –> EASY= enhancement, DIFFICULT= impairment

Question 8

Drive

Answer 8

Negative state of tension assoc with an unsatisfied need, motivates efforts to satisfy need

Question 9

Evaluation apprehension

Answer 9

Concern about being evaluated by observers when performing a task. Attentive audience improves time on familiar task, detrimental to unfamiliar.

Question 10

Self discrepancy on tasks

Answer 10

Motivates people to perform better (more ideal) if small discrepancy. If large, motivation falls. Attention to self hinders practiced movements, anticipation of performance impedes performance.

Question 11

Attention impairment on tasks

Answer 11

Attention is taken from tasks and diverted to audience, impairs performance on difficult tasks

Question 12

Classification of Group Tasks: Steiner

Answer 12

Divisible or Unitary:
D: people in group perform diff tasks
U: people in group do same task

Maximizing or Optimizing:
M: Do as much as possible
O: Do as well as possible

Inputs relating to outcome:
Additive: sum of group efforts
Compensatory: average of all member’s efforts
Conjunctive: determined by weakest link
Disjunctive: determined by strongest member
Discretionary: group decision

Question 13

Process loss

Answer 13

Deterioration of group performance due to lost time coordinating, distractors, dominant members

Question 14

Social loafing

Answer 14

Tendency for people’s performance to decrease in a group when not responsible for individual actions. Ringleman effect: larger group, individual effort decreases

Question 15

Free rider

Answer 15

Tendency for people to take advantage of a shared resource without contributing. Difference from loafing: loafer puts in some effort, loses motivation, free rider exploits purposefully

Question 16

Social loafing model as a function of evaluation apprehension

Answer 16

Others–> no evaluation–> no apprehension–> relaxation–> LOAFING: performance decreases on easy tasks, increases on difficult

compared to

Others–> individual evaluation–> apprehension increases–> arousal–> SOCIAL FACILITATION: performance increases on easy tasks, decreases on difficult

Question 17

Output equity

Answer 17

People like everyone to contribute equally, but perceive that others are loafing, and thus lose motivation

Question 18

When loafing decreases:

Answer 18

High valuation of group
Commitment to group
High work ethic
High conscientiousness
High narcissism
Collectivist culture
Women

Question 19

Deindividuation

Answer 19

Diffusal of responsibility in a group setting leads one to abandon constraints and act irresponsibly

Question 20

Contagion theory: LeBon

Answer 20

Process leading to ideas spreading rapidly through crowds, may lead to unpredictable behaviour

Question 21

Individuation

Answer 21

Process of distinguishing between people

Question 22

Attentional cues

Answer 22

Features of environment that draw attention away from self. Lowered public self awareness.

Question 23

Violence in a crowd increases when

Answer 23

Group size increases
Night time (feel anonymous)
Reduced attentional cues/ self awareness
Reduced accountability cues

Question 24

Theory of objective self awareness: Duval and Wicklund

Answer 24

Awareness of self as object of attention

Question 25

Accountability cues

Answer 25

Factors that determine what bhvrs ppl can get away with

Question 26

Emergent norm theory: Turner and Killian

Answer 26

Theory of crowd behaviour which argues that rather than being a product of randomness and process loss, crowd behaviour is the result of social norms

Question 27

Social identity model of deindividuation effects: Klein

Answer 27

Argues that phenomena is result of increased group focus, rather than loss of individual focus. Change from personal to social identity, increase in norm awareness and group consciousness.

Question 28

Social identity theory: Tajfel

Answer 28

A person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership(s). Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. social class, family, football team etc.) which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem.

Question 29

Risky shift

Answer 29

Groups make riskier decisions than individuals, depending on original leanings of members

Question 30

Group polarization

Answer 30

Interaction strengthens initial leanings of members, attitudes polarize

Question 31

Normative influence

Answer 31

Influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them

Question 32

Informational influence

Answer 32

People assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation

Question 33

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 33

Situation where a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but assume others accept it

Question 34

Groupthink: Janis

Answer 34

Mode of thinking that groups engage in when cohesion is more important than accuracy and alternatives. Characterized by:

1. Cohesive group of similar ppl
2. Group isolated from outside opinions
3. No clear rules to guide decision

Symptoms:

1. Illusion of invulnerability
2. Belief in morality
3. Collective rationalization
4. Stereotyped view of outgroup
5. Pressure from dissenters to conform
6. Self-censorship
7. Illusion of unanimity
8. Self appointed guards protect group leader’s opinions from opposition

Question 35

Preventing groupthink

Answer 35

1. Impartial at onset
2. Assign critical evaluator
3. Encourage critical thinking
4. Divide into smaller groups
5. Invite outside opinions
6. Discuss issues and consequences before implementing decision

Question 36

Brainstorming

Answer 36

Open group discussion to generate ideas

Question 37

Brainstorming effective when:

Answer 37

1. Combine group and individual brainstorming

2. Interact via writing/ communication technology

Question 38

Great person theory

Answer 38

Theory of leadership asserting that leaders have an ideal combo of effective personality traits

Question 39

Contingency theory of leadership

Answer 39

Argues leadership success is dependent on how task related/ relationship oriented the leader is, and amount of influence they have over group

Question 40

Contexts of leadership

Answer 40

Task oriented effective in: Effective in high and low control contexts
Relationship oriented: Effective in moderate control context

Question 41

Effective leaders

Answer 41

Confident
Consistent
Goal oriented
Trustworthy
Honest
Positive

Question 42

Bartholomew 5 attributes of global leader:

Answer 42

1. Understand relevant business and cultural domains
2. Understand perspectives, trends of other cultures
3. Ability to work cross-culturally
4. Ability to adapt
5. Ability to relate as equals

Question 43

Gender differences in leadership

Answer 43

Female leaders viewed negatively if they display strong assertiveness/ agentic other typical male qualities.

However id women use communal leadership styles they are viewed as weak.

Most effective when display a combo of communal an agentic leadership.