Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

231 Exam 2 > Ch 5 ...You don't say > Flashcards

Ch 5 ...You don't say Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

A set of phonemes that convey meaning because they are organized according to rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Utterances

A

Complete units of speech in spoken languages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Semantic rules

A

Rules that determine the meaning of sounds and words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Grammar

A

Collection of morphological, syntactic, and semantic rules that govern the production of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Grammatical gender

A

Organization of nouns along masculine, feminine, and neutral dimensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Morpheme

A

Meaningful component of structured language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Biological cost of language

A

Jaw and mouth shape: tooth crowding, wisdom teeth issues, higher risk of choking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Biological advantages of language

A

Strategics
Share and accumulate knowledge
Collective problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Linguistic nativism

A

Chomsky’s theory that brain is hard-wired for innate language rules/ organization. Theory supported by children’s abilities to learn languages efficiently, especially during critical period in early childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pidgin

A

Simplified mix of languages lacking rigorous grammar rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Creole language

A

Mixture of words from multiple languages, but with struct grammatical system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pragmatics

A

Distinction between what is said, and what speaker means (literal compared to intended meaning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Speech act theory

A

Theory proposing that speakers use language to perform certain actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Locution

A

Non-ambiguous meaning of an utterance (I had a good day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Perlocution

A

Unintended effect of an utterance (ex. It’s fine…)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Illocution

A

Speech act performed by an utterance (ex. I am sorry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Indirect language

A

Use of language in which the intended meaning is not stated explicitly, yet is commonly understood (ex. reserved)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Theory of conversational implicature

A

Grice’s theory that people are able to understand each other and communicate effectively because they follow rules of conversation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cooperative principle

A

Principle that people follow a set of rules that enable communication to function effectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Grice’s 4 Maxims of communication

A

4 rules:

  1. Quantity: communicators make their contributions to conversation as informative as required, and not more so
  2. Quality: Communicators generally attempt to make their contributions true, not false, not lacking evidence
  3. Relation: Communicators aim to be relevant
  4. Manner: Communicators aim to be clear, not ambiguous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In what context are Grice’s maxims broken during conversation

A

When conveying implicit meaning (ex. sarcasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Politeness

A

Process by which communicators frame their conversations in order to save the face of the their interlocutors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Face

A

People’s concern about their value/standing in the eyes of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Positive face

A

A person’s wish to be well thought of, understood, liked and treated nicely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Negative face

A

A person’s wish to go about their business unimpeded, to not be bothered

26
Q

Universal norm

A

The culturally universal tendency to use more formal, polite language with people of higher status, or higher social distance

27
Q

Whorf

A

Proposed theory that language entirely determines thoughts and perception

28
Q

Cultural frame switching

A

Different knowledge structures are learned and influence thoughts based on cultural setting. Bilingual studies support this by displaying personality differences when given in different languages.

29
Q

Masculine generic language

A

Use of masculine words to denote all people (ex. mankind)
Example of lens-like power of language: state, “Firemen responded”. meaning firefighters attended to the blaze. However attention, memory, and cognition denotes “male”, irrespective of linguistic intentions. Results of studies suggest that this contributes to gender biases. (p.221)

30
Q

Saying is believing effect

A

Tendency for a person’s memory for events to be influenced by what they have said

31
Q

Social markers

A

Features of language that convey information about speaker’s characteristics, ex personality, SES, power dynamic, cultural background

32
Q

Matched guise technique

A

Technique used to measure attitudes about a speaker based on language.
High speech rate= high rating of competence, sociability, trustworthiness
Frequent pauses= low rating of competence
Utterance length= Dominance rating
Elevated pitch= deceit and instability
Varied pitch=dynamism and extraversion

33
Q

Received pronunciation

A

Standard, high status spoke accent.

People who deviate from standard accent tend to be deemed less favourably

34
Q

Speech accommodation theory

A

Theory asserting that people modify their speech style to suit context

35
Q

Speech convergence

A

Speech style shift to that of the listener

36
Q

Speech divergence

A

Speech style shift away from that of the listener

37
Q

Communication accommodation theory

A

Theory asserting that people also modify non-verbal behaviours to suit context

38
Q

Serial transmission

A

Language consistent with stereotypes is transmitted, inconsistent language is not

39
Q

Common ground

A

Shared worldview

40
Q

Linguistic intergroup bias (LIB)

A

Tendency for people to describe ingroup positive and outgroup negative behaviours abstractly, but ingroup negative and outgroup positive concretely

41
Q

Linguistic expectancy bias

A

Interpersonal version of the LIB, people describe expected behaviours abstractly and unexpected concretely

42
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

shrugs and raises eyebrow

43
Q

Nonverbal communication includes:

A 
Gestures
Tone
Expression
Distance
Dress
Body art
Lifestyle
44
Q

Social intellect

A

Set of skills involving reciprocative ability to infer other’s emotions, motive, and intentions and personality. Many theorists argue nonverbal communication is core component

45
Q

Nonverbal communication enables communication by:

A 
Express intimacy
Establish dominance
Facilitate goals
Regulate conversation
Provide information about inner states
46
Q

Paralanguage

A

Vocal pitch and speech rate

47
Q

Co-verbal behaviours

A

Nonverbal behaviours that accompany speech and and convey information to a receiver

48
Q

Interpersonal distance

A 
Closeness between 2 people
Intimate: 0-0.5m
Personal: 0.5-1m
Social: 1-4m
Public: 4m+
49
Q

Heslin & Patterson: 5 types of touch:

A 
Professional/ functional
Social/ polite
Friendship/ warmth
Love/ intimacy
Sexual
50
Q

Facial expressions

A

Voluntary or no changes in the face that convey information

51
Q

Gestures

A

Movements that accompany verbal communications

52
Q

Emblems/ quoatable gestures

A

Gestures that replace verbal communication

53
Q

Nonverbal sensitivity

A

Ability to discern other people’s thoughts, feelings, an d intentions from their nonverbal behaviour

54
Q

Motivational impairment effect

A

When people try and hide deceit, it is easier to notice deceit occurring

55
Q

Conversation

A

Interactions with verbal and nonverball communication

56
Q

Back channel communication

A

Cues that let speaker know person is listening

57
Q

Conversation analysis

A

Study of talk in interactions, describes structure and pattern

58
Q

Discourse analysis

A

Analysis of entire communicative event located in socio-historic context

59
Q

Computer mediated conversation

A

Communication via computer network. Deindividution is often seen, where people are dis-inhibited as they feel anonymous and can thus break social taboos. Explains high levels of disclosure, hostility and hate group recruitment in CMC.

60
Q

Positive of CMC

A

Social identity model of deindividuation: facilitates expression of identity, especially out of norm behavioural components, and positive ingroup experiences

61
Q

Soft determinism

A

Language helps to make distinctions between concepts

62
Q

How is language performative

A

Achieves actions:
Three characteristics that enable it to do this
(1) non-ambiguous (literal meaning) – locution
- e.g., in “I’m here” the locution is that the person is actually here
(2) the act performed by the utterance – illocution
- e.g., the apology
(3) the unintended effects the utterance might have – perlocution
- e.g., making the addressee angry

231 Exam 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions