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Biology Lab > Online Anatomy Lab > Flashcards

Online Anatomy Lab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the accesory structures of the skin?

A 
Sebaceous gland
Sweat gland 
hair follicle 
epidermis 
pacinan corpuscle
blood vessels
sensory nerves
arrector pilli muscle
dermis
hypodermis
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2
Q

What is the tissue type for sebaceous and sweat gland?

A

Glandular epithelia

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3
Q

What is the shape of the sebaceous and sweat gland and digestive glands?

A

Simple cuboidal or columnar

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4
Q

What are the two types of sweat gland?

A

Apocrine

Merocine

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5
Q

What is the mode of secretion for merocrine gland?

A

secretion via exocytosis

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6
Q

What is the mode of secretion for apocrine gland?

A

tip of cell is shed as they accumulate in the apex of cell then breaks off

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7
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the urinary system?

A 
Adrenal gland (Suprarenal gland)
Kidney
Pelvis
Ureter 
Bladder
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8
Q

What is the role of the skeletal system in relation to the urinary system?

A

Protection

bones of ribs protect kidney from trauma

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9
Q

What is the relationship between the urinary system and the reproductive system?

A

Women have 2 different systems - one for birth and other for urine
Male have 1- as the urethra transports both urine and seminal fluid

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10
Q

What is the urinary system responsible for?

A

the excretion of unwanted waste in our body as urine

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11
Q

Which organ system are the adrenal glands a part of?

A

Endocrine

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12
Q

What are one of the hormones the adrenal glands release?

A

androgens which are then converted to testosterone and estrogens by the gonards

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13
Q

Define homeostasis

A

the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment to a changing external environment

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14
Q

What methods does the body use to maintain homeostasis?

A

Oxygen levels
Temperature
Salinity - the amount of salt dissolved in body water
Ion concentration

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15
Q

Describe the 4 process of negative feedback

A

stimulus
receptor
control centre -hypothalamus
effector

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16
Q

What is the response of negative feedback?

A

the results of the response counteract the initial action to bring the body back to balance

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17
Q

What is an example of negative feedback

A

Thermal regulation

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18
Q

Explain the process of negative feedback in thermal regulation

A

Increase in body temp in skin via stimulus detected
Receptors- Peripheral thermoreceptors
Hypothalamus- information travels to
Effector- blood vessels increase in vasodialation to increase heat loss, sweat glans : increase in water evaporation.
Overall decreasing body temp

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19
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

Lactation

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20
Q

Explain the process of positive feedback in lactation

A

Stimulus- mechanical stimulation of nipple by a suckling child
Receptor- impulses are sent
Hypothalamus - where the impulses are sent to
Posterior pituitary- releases oxytocin
Effector (Oxytocin)- stimulates cells surrounding the milk- producing glands of the breast
Cells contract- milk ejects

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21
Q

Why is lactation positive feedback

A

as the milk production then reinforces the original stimulus (in a cycle) and accelerates the response.

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22
Q

What is the effector in lactation and which are the control centre organs?

A

Oxytocin and

Hypothalalmus

23
Q

What type of gland is the mammary gland and what is its mode of secretion?

A

Exocrine - produces milk to offspring

24
Q

What is a thermoreceptor in the skin

A

Peripheral thermoreceptor

25
Q

What is the tissue type of epidermis and function?

A

Stratified squamous
function: forms a waterproof barrier between the body and external environment (no blood vessels)
Composed of 4/5 layers

26
Q

What us the tissue type of dermis and function?

A

Irregular dense connective tissue
Thicker than epidermis
responsible for the elasticity and strength of skin
supplies epidermis with nutrients and thermoregulation
dermis is vascularised
contains 2 fibres - collagen (strength for skin) and elastic( recoil)

27
Q

What is the tissue type of a hair follicle and function?

A

Covering epithelia

edges appear dark

28
Q

What is the tissue type of a sebaceous gland and function?

A

Glandular epithelia - simple cuboidal

Produces sebum, an oily secretion that prevents the hair and skin from becoming brittle e.g lips, glands , penis

29
Q

What is the tissue type of a blood vessel and function?

A

Simple squamous endothelium

to exchange nutrients plus oxygen into body tissue

30
Q

What is the tissue type of a sweat gland and function?

A 
Glandular epithelia
Have 2 types - apocrine and merocrine
embedded in dermis
merocine- secreted via exocytosis 
apocrine- tip of cell is shed
31
Q

What is the tissue type of a pacinian corpuscle and function?

A

multilayered connective tissue

they adapt rapidly to stimuli and are involved in sensing pressure

32
Q

What is the tissue type of a arrector pilli muscle and function?

A

Smooth muscle cell
causes hair to stand on end - ‘goosebump’
major role in thermoregulation

33
Q

What is the tissue type of hypodermis and function@?

A

Adipose connective tissue- (contains fat, blood vessels and sensory receptors)
functions as a protective cushion and insulator

34
Q

What is a mesentary?

A

loose aerolar connective tissue that holds organs together

binds together the loops of the intestine within the peritoneal cavity

35
Q

What are the 6 functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Regulates blood pH
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Regulating blood ionic composition
  • maintenance of blood osmolarity
  • regulation of blood glucose
  • excretion of waste and toxin
36
Q

Regulates blood pH?

A

H+ ions are excreted in variable amounts that directly increase or decrease blood pH and conc of bicarbonate ions.
important pH buffer can be altered.

37
Q

Regulating blood ionic composition?

A

kidneys regulating concentration of various ions in the blood including na and k

38
Q

Maintenance of blood osmolarity?

A

kidneys do this through independant regulation of solutes and water

39
Q

Regulates blood pressure?

A

regulated by kidney through secretion and subsequent activity of renin (conc).
Higher renin=higher bp

40
Q

Regulation of blood glucose

A

when blood glucose levels fall kidneys metabolise glutamine to synthesise new glucose molecules via gluconeogensis - increasing blood glucose levels

41
Q

Excretion of waste and toxin

A

urine produced by removing unwanted waste products from body.
urea = formed from breakdown of amino acids

42
Q

tissue type of epidermis and function?

A

stratified squamous
rich in keratin, forms a waterproof barrier between body and external environment
composed of 4/5 layers

43
Q

tissue type of dermis and function?

A

irregular dense connective tissue
responsible for the elasticity and strength of skin
supplies epidermis with nutrients and thermoregulation
contains 2 fibres - collagen and elastic
numerous types of cells

44
Q

tissue type of hair follicle and function?

A

covering epithelia
made of keratin
edges dark

45
Q

tissue type of sebaceous gland and function?

A

glandular epithelia
produces sebum, an oily secretion that prevents the hair and skin from becoming brittle
in places like lips, penis

46
Q

tissue type of blood vessels and function?

A

simple squamous endothelium

to exchange nutrients and oxygen into the body tissue

47
Q

tissue type of sweat gland and function?

A

glandular epithelia
mode of secretion- melocrine
types of sweat gland- merocrine and apocrine
embedded in dermis

48
Q

tissue type of pacinian corpuscle and function?

A

multiplayered connective tissue

they adapt rapidly to stimuli and are involved in sensing pressure

49
Q

tissue type of arrector pilli muscle and function?

A

smooth muscle
causes hair to stand on end - ‘goosebumps’
has a major role in thermoregulation

50
Q

tissue type of hypodermis and function?

A

adipose connective tissue
the connective tissue contains fat, blood vessels and sensory receptors
functions as a protective cushion and insulator.

51
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located

A

on the superior surface of each kidney

52
Q

What are the 3 tissues the adrenal gland is composed of?

A

capsule (made up of connective tissue)
outer cortex
inner medulla

53
Q

What are the adrenal glands responsible for?

A

release of hormones regulating metabolism, immune system function and salt and water balance in blood stream

Biology Lab (20 decks)

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