Online Anatomy Lab Flashcards
What are the accesory structures of the skin?
Sebaceous gland Sweat gland hair follicle epidermis pacinan corpuscle blood vessels sensory nerves arrector pilli muscle dermis hypodermis
What is the tissue type for sebaceous and sweat gland?
Glandular epithelia
What is the shape of the sebaceous and sweat gland and digestive glands?
Simple cuboidal or columnar
What are the two types of sweat gland?
Apocrine
Merocine
What is the mode of secretion for merocrine gland?
secretion via exocytosis
What is the mode of secretion for apocrine gland?
tip of cell is shed as they accumulate in the apex of cell then breaks off
What are the 4 main parts of the urinary system?
Adrenal gland (Suprarenal gland) Kidney Pelvis Ureter Bladder
What is the role of the skeletal system in relation to the urinary system?
Protection
bones of ribs protect kidney from trauma
What is the relationship between the urinary system and the reproductive system?
Women have 2 different systems - one for birth and other for urine
Male have 1- as the urethra transports both urine and seminal fluid
What is the urinary system responsible for?
the excretion of unwanted waste in our body as urine
Which organ system are the adrenal glands a part of?
Endocrine
What are one of the hormones the adrenal glands release?
androgens which are then converted to testosterone and estrogens by the gonards
Define homeostasis
the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment to a changing external environment
What methods does the body use to maintain homeostasis?
Oxygen levels
Temperature
Salinity - the amount of salt dissolved in body water
Ion concentration
Describe the 4 process of negative feedback
stimulus
receptor
control centre -hypothalamus
effector
What is the response of negative feedback?
the results of the response counteract the initial action to bring the body back to balance
What is an example of negative feedback
Thermal regulation
Explain the process of negative feedback in thermal regulation
Increase in body temp in skin via stimulus detected
Receptors- Peripheral thermoreceptors
Hypothalamus- information travels to
Effector- blood vessels increase in vasodialation to increase heat loss, sweat glans : increase in water evaporation.
Overall decreasing body temp
What is an example of positive feedback?
Lactation
Explain the process of positive feedback in lactation
Stimulus- mechanical stimulation of nipple by a suckling child
Receptor- impulses are sent
Hypothalamus - where the impulses are sent to
Posterior pituitary- releases oxytocin
Effector (Oxytocin)- stimulates cells surrounding the milk- producing glands of the breast
Cells contract- milk ejects
Why is lactation positive feedback
as the milk production then reinforces the original stimulus (in a cycle) and accelerates the response.
What is the effector in lactation and which are the control centre organs?
Oxytocin and
Hypothalalmus
What type of gland is the mammary gland and what is its mode of secretion?
Exocrine - produces milk to offspring
What is a thermoreceptor in the skin
Peripheral thermoreceptor
What is the tissue type of epidermis and function?
Stratified squamous
function: forms a waterproof barrier between the body and external environment (no blood vessels)
Composed of 4/5 layers
What us the tissue type of dermis and function?
Irregular dense connective tissue
Thicker than epidermis
responsible for the elasticity and strength of skin
supplies epidermis with nutrients and thermoregulation
dermis is vascularised
contains 2 fibres - collagen (strength for skin) and elastic( recoil)
What is the tissue type of a hair follicle and function?
Covering epithelia
edges appear dark
What is the tissue type of a sebaceous gland and function?
Glandular epithelia - simple cuboidal
Produces sebum, an oily secretion that prevents the hair and skin from becoming brittle e.g lips, glands , penis
What is the tissue type of a blood vessel and function?
Simple squamous endothelium
to exchange nutrients plus oxygen into body tissue
What is the tissue type of a sweat gland and function?
Glandular epithelia Have 2 types - apocrine and merocrine embedded in dermis merocine- secreted via exocytosis apocrine- tip of cell is shed
What is the tissue type of a pacinian corpuscle and function?
multilayered connective tissue
they adapt rapidly to stimuli and are involved in sensing pressure
What is the tissue type of a arrector pilli muscle and function?
Smooth muscle cell
causes hair to stand on end - ‘goosebump’
major role in thermoregulation
What is the tissue type of hypodermis and function@?
Adipose connective tissue- (contains fat, blood vessels and sensory receptors)
functions as a protective cushion and insulator
What is a mesentary?
loose aerolar connective tissue that holds organs together
binds together the loops of the intestine within the peritoneal cavity
What are the 6 functions of the urinary system?
- Regulates blood pH
- Regulation of blood pressure
- Regulating blood ionic composition
- maintenance of blood osmolarity
- regulation of blood glucose
- excretion of waste and toxin
Regulates blood pH?
H+ ions are excreted in variable amounts that directly increase or decrease blood pH and conc of bicarbonate ions.
important pH buffer can be altered.
Regulating blood ionic composition?
kidneys regulating concentration of various ions in the blood including na and k
Maintenance of blood osmolarity?
kidneys do this through independant regulation of solutes and water
Regulates blood pressure?
regulated by kidney through secretion and subsequent activity of renin (conc).
Higher renin=higher bp
Regulation of blood glucose
when blood glucose levels fall kidneys metabolise glutamine to synthesise new glucose molecules via gluconeogensis - increasing blood glucose levels
Excretion of waste and toxin
urine produced by removing unwanted waste products from body.
urea = formed from breakdown of amino acids
tissue type of epidermis and function?
stratified squamous
rich in keratin, forms a waterproof barrier between body and external environment
composed of 4/5 layers
tissue type of dermis and function?
irregular dense connective tissue
responsible for the elasticity and strength of skin
supplies epidermis with nutrients and thermoregulation
contains 2 fibres - collagen and elastic
numerous types of cells
tissue type of hair follicle and function?
covering epithelia
made of keratin
edges dark
tissue type of sebaceous gland and function?
glandular epithelia
produces sebum, an oily secretion that prevents the hair and skin from becoming brittle
in places like lips, penis
tissue type of blood vessels and function?
simple squamous endothelium
to exchange nutrients and oxygen into the body tissue
tissue type of sweat gland and function?
glandular epithelia
mode of secretion- melocrine
types of sweat gland- merocrine and apocrine
embedded in dermis
tissue type of pacinian corpuscle and function?
multiplayered connective tissue
they adapt rapidly to stimuli and are involved in sensing pressure
tissue type of arrector pilli muscle and function?
smooth muscle
causes hair to stand on end - ‘goosebumps’
has a major role in thermoregulation
tissue type of hypodermis and function?
adipose connective tissue
the connective tissue contains fat, blood vessels and sensory receptors
functions as a protective cushion and insulator.
Where are the adrenal glands located
on the superior surface of each kidney
What are the 3 tissues the adrenal gland is composed of?
capsule (made up of connective tissue)
outer cortex
inner medulla
What are the adrenal glands responsible for?
release of hormones regulating metabolism, immune system function and salt and water balance in blood stream
