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Biology Lab > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functional unit of nervous system?

A

neurons

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2
Q

What are the functional units of the endocrine system?

A

specialised secretory cells and glands- endocrine glands

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3
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

they secrete a different number of hormones, the specific hormone

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4
Q

Why is the nervous system faster than endocrine?

A

-speed of influence of the endocrine system on the body’s function is much slower than that of the nervous system as it does not directly act on the target organs

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5
Q

What are 2 macromolecules that hormones can be made from?

Give an example of each naming its macromolecule base?

A

proteins
e.g. insulin , glucagon , FSH , LH
lipids
e.g oestrogen , testosterone ,

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6
Q

What is the structure of the endocrine gland?

A
  • ductless
  • made up of hollow spherical follicles lined with secretory epithelial cells.
  • they secrete hormones into interstitial fluid and diffuse into the surrounding capillaries.
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7
Q

What is each follicle surrounded by?

A

an extensive capillary network

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8
Q

Where are these hormones transported to?

A

the hormones produced are secreted in the interstitial fluid and diffuse into surrounding cells.
transported in the blood to their target organ, tissue or cells.

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9
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A 
Pineal
Pituitary
Thyroid
Thymus
Juxtaglomerular gland
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
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10
Q

Where are the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

situated in the neck, anterior to the trachea

-there are 4 parathryoid glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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11
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland?

A

thyroid gland
as it synthesises and stores thyroid hormones that influence heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature , energy production and overall body metabolism

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12
Q

What are follicular cells?

A

epithelial cells with microvilli on their luminal (apical) surface

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13
Q

What are the inactive follicular cells?

A

they are cuboidal

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14
Q

What are the active follicular cells?

A

they are columnar

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15
Q

What is the pancreas structure?

A

12-15 cm long

leaf shaped organ that lies horizontally, deep to the stomach

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16
Q

What is the pancreas function?

A
  • It functions as both endocrine and exocrine gland

- With 99% of its activity centred around the exocrine secretion of digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

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17
Q

What are the 2 important function of the pancreas?

A

1- Specialised cells in the pancreas produce the hormones glucagon and insulin. these hormones control blood sugar levels by initiating the conversion of glycogen to glucose and vice versa
2- Function in digestion- producing an enzyme-rich pancreatic juice which helps break down proteins to amino acids, starch to maltose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol

18
Q

What is most of the pancreas cells?

A

99% of the specialised cells are exocrine and produce a number of enzymes which help in the digestive process/

19
Q

What is the Islets of Langerhans?

A

the remaining regions of the pancreas which contain specialised cells responsible for the endocrine role of the pancreas

20
Q

What do the islets of Langerhans consist of?

A

the vast fenestrated capillary network surrounding them and the hormones released by each of these cells are secreted directly into the blood flow.

21
Q

What does fenestrated mean?

A

pores between endothelial cells

22
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

its a collection of glands and specialised cells which secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
It works alongside the nervous system to regulate all aspects of body function.

23
Q

What is a hormone?

A

-a chemical substance/messenger which is secreted by specialised endocrine cells directly into the blood to exert an effect on distant target cells to bring about specific changes in cellular function.

24
Q

What is the duration of the response of the endocrine system?

A

the duration of the effect of a hormone on the body is longer lasting than a nerve signal and can cause permanant changes
- varies from seconds to years ( puberty)

25
Q

What are examples of processes controlled by the nervous system?

A

Reflexes such as:

  • Blinking
  • Movement of limbs
  • Fight, Flight and fright
26
Q

What are examples of processes controlled by the endocrine system?

A

Growth:

-development of reproductive system

27
Q

What is the nature of message of
:Nervous sytem
:Endocrine system?

A
  1. Electrical signals

2. Chemical messages

28
Q

What is the area of response for the nervous system?

A

Localised- confined to one area of the body

29
Q

What is the area of response for the endocrine system?

A

Many organs

-specific to many cells- as blood goes all throughout the body as hormones will travel in

30
Q

How is nervous system fast?

A

Get nervous stimuli- for fast response- last for short period of time

31
Q

What does TSH secrete?

A

T3 AND T4

32
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland secretes more hormones into the systemic circulation?

A

Anterior lobe- secretes 5

33
Q 
What type of stimulation controls secretion from these endocrine glands:
Posterior lobe?
Medulla of adrenal gland?
Thyroid gland?
Anterior lobe?
Parathyroid?
Testes?
Pineal gland?
A
  • Neural- sends axon down to this posterior lobe- get signals
  • Neural
  • Hormonal
  • Hormonal
  • Humoral
  • Hormonal
  • Neural
34
Q

Which 2 are the main nuclei of the hypothalamus involved in hypothalamic pituitary axis?

A
  • Paraventricular nucleus

- Supraoptic

35
Q

What is a morphological difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine- into bloodstrean

exocrine- into duct

36
Q

What are the hormones that are produced by thyroid follicular cells within thyroid gland?

A

T3

T4

37
Q

If blood sugar levels are too high, what happens to excess glucose?

A

Excess glucose stored via glycogen or fats

38
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

both an endocrine and exocrine gland
secretes pancreatic enzymes - exocrine- into duodenum to aid digestion
endocrine- secretes insulin and glucagon

39
Q

What is islets of langerhans?

A

the endocrine cells of the pancreas

40
Q

Describe negative feedback in regulating hormone levels from the cortex of the adrenal gland

A

Hypothalmus secretes CRH

  • Down portal vein
  • Around the capillaries of the cells of the anterior lobe
  • Corticotrophs are stimulated and release ACTH
  • ACTH goes into hyphoseal vein, into systemic circulation, through the capillaries in the adrenal cortex
  • Secretes glucocorticoids.
  • If high levels of this it stimulates the pituitary gland to reduce ACTH secretion
  • CRH is controlled by hypothalmus- so excess of glucocorticoids will inhibit this CRH from hypothalmus.
41
Q

what stimulates hormone release ?

A
  1. humoral - hormone release caused by change in ion levels or nutrient level
  2. neural - hormone release caused by neural input
  3. hormonal - hormone release caused by another hormone

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